词汇表
最近(jin)更新时间(jian)：2024年01月23日(ri)
A
Adaptation 适应
The process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects.In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities. In some natural systems, human intervention may facilitate adjustment to expected climate and its effects.
适应是(shi)一种(zhong)针对(dui)(dui)实际(ji)或预期气候及其(qi)影响的调(diao)整过(guo)程。在人(ren)类系统中，适应旨在减(jian)轻或避免(mian)伤害(hai)，或者(zhe)利用有益的机(ji)会。在某些自然系统中，人(ren)类干预可能(neng)促进对(dui)(dui)预期气候及其(qi)影响的调(diao)整。
Aerosol 气溶胶
A suspension of airborne solid or liquid particles, with a typical size between a few nanometres and 10 μm that reside in the atmosphere for at least several hours. Aerosols may be of either natural or anthropogenic origin. Aerosols may influence climate in several ways: through both interactions that scatter and/or absorb radiation and through interactions with cloud microphysics and other cloud properties, or upon deposition on snow or ice covered surfaces thereby altering their albedo and contributing to climate feedback.
悬浮在(zai)大气中至少数(shu)小(xiao)时(shi)的(de)(de)(de)固体(ti)或液体(ti)颗粒的(de)(de)(de)悬浮物，其典(dian)型尺寸在(zai)几(ji)纳米到(dao)10微米之(zhi)间。气溶胶可以是自(zi)然生(sheng)成的(de)(de)(de)，也可以是人为产生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)。气溶胶通(tong)过多种(zhong)途径(jing)影(ying)响(xiang)气候，包括辐射(she)的(de)(de)(de)散射(she)和/或吸收相互(hu)作用，与(yu)云微物理和其他(ta)云特性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)相互(hu)作用，以及在(zai)积(ji)雪或冰覆(fu)盖表面沉积(ji)，从而改变它们(men)的(de)(de)(de)反照(zhao)率并对气候反馈(kui)产生(sheng)影(ying)响(xiang)。
Afforestation 造林
Afforestation is the process of planting trees in areas that have not been forested in recent history. Afforestation helps restore abandoned and degraded agricultural lands, prevent desertification, create carbon sinks, and generate new economic opportunities for local communities.
是在过(guo)(guo)去未被森林覆盖的(de)区域(yu)种植树木的(de)过(guo)(guo)程。造林有助于(yu)恢复被遗(yi)弃和退化的(de)农业土地，防止沙漠化，创造碳汇，并为当地社(she)区提供新的(de)经济机会(hui)。
Atmosphere 大气
The gaseous envelope surrounding the Earth, divided into five layers — the troposphere which contains half of the Earth’s atmosphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere, and the exosphere, which is the outer limit of the atmosphere. The dry atmosphere consists almost entirely of nitrogen (78.1% volume mixing ratio) and oxygen (20.9% volume mixing ratio), together with a number of trace gases, such as argon (0.93 % volume mixing ratio), helium and radiatively active greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide (CO₂) (0.04% volume mixing ratio) and ozone (O₃). In addition, the atmosphere contains the GHG water vapour (H₂O),whose amounts are highly variable but typically around 1% volume mixing ratio. The atmosphere also contains clouds and aerosols. See also Carbon dioxide (CO₂), Ozone(O₃), Troposphere, Stratosphere, Greenhouse gas (GHG), and Hydrological cycle.
大气(qi)，是围(wei)绕地球的(de)(de)气(qi)体(ti)(ti)包(bao)层，分为五层–对流(liu)(liu)层(占地球大气(qi)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)半)、平流(liu)(liu)层、中间(jian)层、热(re)层和外逸(yi)层(大气(qi)的(de)(de)外缘)。干(gan)大气(qi)几(ji)乎(hu)完全由氮(占体(ti)(ti)积(ji)(ji)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合比的(de)(de)78.1%)和氧(yang)(占体(ti)(ti)积(ji)(ji)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合比的(de)(de)20.9%)构成，还包(bao)括一(yi)(yi)些微量气(qi)体(ti)(ti)，如(ru)氩(占体(ti)(ti)积(ji)(ji)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合比的(de)(de)0.93%)、氦以及对辐射有影(ying)响的(de)(de)温(wen)室(shi)气(qi)体(ti)(ti)(GHGs)，如(ru)二氧(yang)化碳(CO₃)(占体(ti)(ti)积(ji)(ji)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合比的(de)(de)0.035%)和臭氧(yang)(O₃)。此外，大气(qi)包(bao)括温(wen)室(shi)气(qi)体(ti)(ti)(GHG)水汽(H₂O)，它的(de)(de)含量变化很大，但通常约占体(ti)(ti)积(ji)(ji)混(hun)(hun)(hun)合比的(de)(de)1%。
Anthropogenic emissions 人为排放
Emissions of greenhouse gases(GHGs), precursors of GHGs and aerosols caused by human activities.These activities include the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, land use and land-use changes (LUC), livestock production, fertilisation,waste management, and industrial processes. See also Anthropogenic removals.
人类活动(dong)(dong)引起的温(wen)室气体、温(wen)室气体前体和气溶胶(jiao)的排放。这些(xie)活动(dong)(dong)包括(kuo)燃(ran)烧化(hua)(hua)石(shi)燃(ran)料、砍伐森林（deforestation）、土地利用(yong)（land use）和土地利用(yong)的变(bian)化(hua)(hua)（land-use changes (LUC)）、畜(chu)牧业生产、施肥、废(fei)物管(guan)理(li)和工业过(guo)程。
Anthropogenic removals 人为去除
The withdrawal of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the atmosphere as a result of deliberate human activities. These include enhancing biological sinks of CO₂ and using chemical engineering to achieve long term removal and storage. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) from industrial and energy-related sources, which alone does not remove CO₂ from the atmosphere, can help reduce atmospheric CO₂ if it is combined with bioenergy production (BECCS).
由人类有意开展(zhan)的撤离大(da)(da)气(qi)(qi)中温室(shi)气(qi)(qi)体(ti)（GHGs）的过程(cheng)。这些活动包括增(zeng)强CO₂的生(sheng)物吸收和利(li)用化学工程(cheng)实现长期去(qu)除和储存(cun)(cun)。从(cong)工业和能(neng)源(yuan)相关(guan)源(yuan)捕获(huo)和储存(cun)(cun)二(er)氧(yang)化碳（CCS），单独而言并未将(jiang)CO₂从(cong)大(da)(da)气(qi)(qi)中去(qu)除，但如果与生(sheng)物能(neng)源(yuan)生(sheng)产（BECCS）结合使用，可以帮助减少大(da)(da)气(qi)(qi)中的CO₂。
Avoided emissions 规避排放
Avoided emissions refer to the "positive" impact on society when comparing the GHG impact of a solution to an alternative reference scenario (see Section 4 of Guidance on Avoided Emissions for the detailed calculation). An avoided emission is thus the difference between GHG emissions that occur or will occur (the "solution") and GHG emissions that would have occurred without the solution (that of the reference scenario). GHG emissions of both the solution and the reference shall be assessed throughout their entire life cycle. Unlike GHG inventory assessments, which focus on the variation of a company’s inventory emissions between two points over time, avoided emissions focus on the difference in emissions between two scenarios – one associated with the solution (the one that will be taking place), and one associated with the reference scenario, calculated for a specified time interval.
规(gui)避(bi)(bi)(bi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)是指在(zai)(zai)(zai)比较解(jie)决(jue)方(fang)案的(de)(de)(de)温(wen)室(shi)气(qi)体(ti)(ti)（GHG）影(ying)(ying)响与替代参考情景(jing)(jing)时，对社会产生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)“积极”影(ying)(ying)响（详见wbcsd：Guidance on Avoided Emissions第4节的(de)(de)(de)详细计算）。因此，规(gui)避(bi)(bi)(bi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)是指考虑整(zheng)(zheng)个生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)周期(qi)，解(jie)决(jue)方(fang)案导致的(de)(de)(de)温(wen)室(shi)气(qi)体(ti)(ti)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)与在(zai)(zai)(zai)没(mei)有解(jie)决(jue)方(fang)案的(de)(de)(de)情况(kuang)下可能(neng)发(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)温(wen)室(shi)气(qi)体(ti)(ti)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)（即(ji)参考情景(jing)(jing)）之(zhi)(zhi)间的(de)(de)(de)差异(yi)。解(jie)决(jue)方(fang)案和参考情景(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)温(wen)室(shi)气(qi)体(ti)(ti)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)应该在(zai)(zai)(zai)它们的(de)(de)(de)整(zheng)(zheng)个生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)周期(qi)内进(jin)行(xing)评(ping)估(gu)(gu)。与温(wen)室(shi)气(qi)体(ti)(ti)清单评(ping)估(gu)(gu)侧重于公司清单排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)两个时间点(dian)之(zhi)(zhi)间的(de)(de)(de)变化的(de)(de)(de)情况(kuang)不同，规(gui)避(bi)(bi)(bi)排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)关注(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)是两种情景(jing)(jing)之(zhi)(zhi)间排(pai)(pai)(pai)(pai)放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)差异(yi)，一种情景(jing)(jing)与解(jie)决(jue)方(fang)案相(xiang)关（即(ji)将发(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)情况(kuang)），另一种情景(jing)(jing)与参考情景(jing)(jing)相(xiang)关，计算适定时间间隔内的(de)(de)(de)情况(kuang)。
B
Baseline 基准线
Quantified greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and/or GHG removals of a subject for a base period. Note 1 to entry: The baseline is used when quantifying changes in the carbon footprint over time and towards targets in the carbon neutrality management plan. Note 2 to entry: In a case where the base period cannot be determined, e.g. for a one-off event, the baseline can be estimated on the basis of a reference situation that best represents the conditions most likely to occur in the absence of climate change mitigation activities.
基准(zhun)线(xian)，即主体(ti)（subject）在基准(zhun)期(qi)内的(de)温(wen)室(shi)(shi)气体(ti)（GHG）排放和/或温(wen)室(shi)(shi)气体(ti)去除的(de)数量。 注(zhu)释1：基准(zhun)线(xian)用(yong)于量化(hua)随时(shi)间变化(hua)的(de)碳足迹(ji)（carbon footprint）以及达到碳中(zhong)和管理计划中(zhong)的(de)目标。 注(zhu)释2：在无法确(que)定(ding)基准(zhun)线(xian)的(de)情(qing)况(kuang)下，例如一(yi)次性事件，基准(zhun)可(ke)以根(gen)据最(zui)能代表在没有减缓气候变化(hua)（climate change mitigation）活动的(de)情(qing)况(kuang)下，最(zui)有可(ke)能发(fa)生的(de)条件来估算。
Base period 基期
Specific, historical period identified for the purpose of comparing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or GHG removals or other GHG-related information over time.
为了比较随(sui)时(shi)间(jian)变(bian)化的温室气体(ti)（GHG）排放、GHG去除（GHG removals）或其他GHG相关(guan)信息的特(te)定时(shi)期。
Blue economy 蓝色经济
The "blue economy" concept seeks to promote economic development, social inclusion, and the preservation or improvement of livelihoods while at the same time ensuring environmental sustainability of the oceans and coastal areas. Blue economy has diverse components, including established traditional ocean industries such as fisheries, tourism, and maritime transport, but also new and emerging activities, such as offshore renewable energy, aquaculture, seabed extractive activities, and marine biotechnology.
“蓝色经济(ji)”旨(zhi)在推动(dong)经济(ji)发展、社(she)会包容，同时确保海(hai)洋(yang)(yang)和(he)沿(yan)海(hai)地(di)区的(de)环境可持续(xu)性，以维护或改(gai)善生(sheng)计。蓝色经济(ji)包括(kuo)多元的(de)组成(cheng)部分，包括(kuo)传统的(de)海(hai)洋(yang)(yang)产业，如(ru)渔业、旅游和(he)海(hai)运，同时也包括(kuo)新兴活动(dong)，如(ru)海(hai)上可再生(sheng)能源、水产养殖、海(hai)底开采活动(dong)和(he)海(hai)洋(yang)(yang)生(sheng)物技术。
Blue carbon 蓝碳
All biologically-driven carbon fluxes and storage in marine systems that are amenable to management can be considered as blue carbon. Coastal blue carbon focuses on rooted vegetation in the coastal zone, such as tidal marshes, mangroves and seagrasses. These ecosystems have high carbon burial rates on a per unit area basis and accumulate carbon in their soils and sediments. They provide many non-climatic benefits and can contribute to ecosystem-based adaptation. If degraded or lost, coastal blue carbon ecosystems are likely to release most of their carbon back to the atmosphere. There is current debate regarding the application of the blue carbon concept to other coastal and non-coastal processes and ecosystems, including the open ocean.
所有在海(hai)洋系(xi)(xi)统(tong)(tong)中受管理(li)的(de)(de)(de)生物驱动的(de)(de)(de)碳(tan)(tan)通量(liang)和储存都可(ke)以被(bei)视为蓝(lan)碳(tan)(tan)。沿海(hai)蓝(lan)碳(tan)(tan)侧重(zhong)于(yu)(yu)沿海(hai)地区的(de)(de)(de)有根植被(bei)，如潮汐沼(zhao)泽、红树林和海(hai)草。这些生态(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)统(tong)(tong)在单位面(mian)积(ji)上具有较高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)碳(tan)(tan)埋藏(zang)率，并在它们的(de)(de)(de)土壤和沉积(ji)物中积(ji)累碳(tan)(tan)。它们提供许多非(fei)气候利益(yi)，并可(ke)以促进(jin)基于(yu)(yu)生态(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)统(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)适应(ying)。如果受损(sun)或丧(sang)失，沿海(hai)蓝(lan)碳(tan)(tan)生态(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)统(tong)(tong)可(ke)能会释放大部分碳(tan)(tan)返回大气中。目前关于(yu)(yu)将蓝(lan)碳(tan)(tan)概(gai)念(nian)应(ying)用于(yu)(yu)其他(ta)沿海(hai)和非(fei)沿海(hai)过程和生态(tai)(tai)系(xi)(xi)统(tong)(tong)（包括公海(hai)）存在争议(yi)。
Black carbon 黑碳
A relatively pure form of carbon, also known as soot, arising from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel, and biomass. It stays in the atmosphere only for days or weeks. Black carbon is a climate forcing agent with strong warming effect, both in the atmosphere and when deposited on snow or ice. See also Atmosphere, and Aerosol.
黑碳(tan)(tan)是(shi)一种相对纯净的(de)碳(tan)(tan)形式，也被称为煤烟，产生(sheng)(sheng)于化石燃料(liao)、生(sheng)(sheng)物燃料(liao)和生(sheng)(sheng)物质的(de)不完全燃烧过程。它在(zai)大(da)(da)气(qi)(qi)中只停留数天或数周。黑碳(tan)(tan)是(shi)一种气(qi)(qi)候强迫剂(ji)，具有强烈的(de)增暖效应，无论是(shi)在(zai)大(da)(da)气(qi)(qi)中还是(shi)在(zai)积雪或冰(bing)上沉积时。另请参阅(yue)大(da)(da)气(qi)(qi)和气(qi)(qi)溶胶(jiao)。
Boundary 边界
<organization> grouping of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or GHG removals reported from within the organizational boundary as well as those significant indirect GHG emissions that are a consequence of the organization’s operations and activities. Note 1 to entry: "Organizational boundary" and "significant indirect GHG emissions" are defined in ISO 14064-1. Note 2 to entry: In this document, the term "boundary" is equivalent to "reporting boundary" in ISO 14064-1.
边(bian)界(jie)，组(zu)织的(de)温室(shi)气体（GHG）排放(fang)或GHG去除(chu)的(de)汇总，包括(kuo)来自(zi)组(zu)织边(bian)界(jie)内的(de)以及作为(wei)组(zu)织运营和(he)活动结果的(de)那些(xie)重(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)间接GHG排放(fang)。 注释1：ISO 14064-1中定(ding)义了“组(zu)织边(bian)界(jie)”和(he)“重(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)间接温室(shi)气体排放(fang)”。 注释2：在(zai)本文(wen)件中，“边(bian)界(jie)”一词等同于ISO 14064-1中的(de)“报告边(bian)界(jie)”。
C
Cancún Agreements 坎昆协议
A set of decisions adopted at the 16th Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), including the following, among others: the newly established Green Climate Fund (GCF), a newly established technology mechanism, a process for advancing discussions on adaptation, a formal process for reporting mitigation commitments, a goal of limiting global mean surface temperature increase to 2°C and an agreement on MRV—Measurement, Reporting and Verification for those countries that receive international support for their mitigation efforts. {WGIII}
在联合(he)国气候(hou)变化框(kuang)架公约(yue)(yue)(UNFCCC)第16次缔约(yue)(yue)方大会(COP)上通过(guo)的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)系列决定，其中(zhong)包括以(yi)下内容 新设立的(de)(de)绿色气候(hou)基金(GCF)、新建立的(de)(de)技术(shu)机(ji)制(zhi)、一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)推(tui)动有关适应讨(tao)论(lun)的(de)(de)进程(cheng)、一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)报(bao)告减(jian)缓承诺的(de)(de)正式程(cheng)序(xu)、一(yi)(yi)项把全球地(di)表平均温度升幅(fu)限(xian)制(zhi)在2°C以(yi)内的(de)(de)全球目标，以(yi)及一(yi)(yi)项针(zhen)对那(nei)些在减(jian)缓努力方面接受国际(ji)支持国家的(de)(de)有关测量、报(bao)告和(he)核查(cha)(MRV)的(de)(de)协议(yi)。
Carbon budget 碳预算
This term refers to three concepts in the literature: (1) an assessment of carbon cycle sources and sinks on a global level, through the synthesis of evidence for fossil fuel and cement emissions, land-use change emissions, ocean and land CO₂ sinks, and the resulting atmospheric CO₂ growth rate. This is referred to as the global carbon budget; (2) the estimated cumulative amount of global carbon dioxide emissions that that is estimated to limit global surface temperature to a given level above a reference period, taking into account global surface temperature contributions of other GHGs and climate forcers; (3) the distribution of the carbon budget defined under (2) to the regional, national, or sub-national level based on considerations of equity, costs or efficiency. See also Remaining carbon budget.
碳预算涉(she)及(1) 通过综(zong)合研究化石(shi)燃(ran)料和(he)水泥排放(fang)(fang)、土地利用变化排放(fang)(fang)、海(hai)洋和(he)陆地CO₂吸收以及由此产生的(de)大气CO₂增长速率，对全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)碳循环(huan)的(de)来源和(he)汇进(jin)行评估(gu)。这被(bei)称为(wei)全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)碳预算；(2)估(gu)计全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)二(er)氧(yang)化碳累积排放(fang)(fang)量，据估(gu)计这将限制(zhi)全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)表面温(wen)度在(zai)给定参考期以上的(de)水平(ping)，考虑其他温(wen)室气体(ti)和(he)气候因子对全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)表面温(wen)度的(de)贡献(xian)；(3)根(gen)据公平(ping)性、成本或效率的(de)考虑，将在(zai)(2)下定义的(de)碳预算分配(pei)到区(qu)域、国家或亚国家水平(ping)。另请参阅剩余(yu)碳预算。
Carbon capture 碳捕获
Carbon capture and storage is the process of trapping carbon emissions produced by fossil fuel power plants or other industrial processes before they can enter our atmosphere by storing them deep underground. Carbon capture and storage should not be seen as an alternative to the green energy transition, but it has been proposed as a way to tackle emissions from sectors that are difficult to decarbonize, particularly heavy industries like cement, steel, and chemicals.
碳捕(bu)获(huo)(huo)与储存(cun)(cun)是一(yi)(yi)种在(zai)化石燃料电厂或其(qi)他工业过(guo)(guo)(guo)程产(chan)生的碳排(pai)(pai)放进入(ru)大(da)气之前，通过(guo)(guo)(guo)将其(qi)储存(cun)(cun)在(zai)地(di)下深处(chu)来捕(bu)获(huo)(huo)的过(guo)(guo)(guo)程。碳捕(bu)获(huo)(huo)与储存(cun)(cun)不应被视为(wei)绿(lv)色(se)能源转型(xing)的替代方(fang)案，但已(yi)被提议(yi)作为(wei)应对难以脱碳的部门（尤其(qi)是水泥、钢铁和(he)化工等(deng)重工业）排(pai)(pai)放的一(yi)(yi)种方(fang)式。
Carbon credit 碳信用
Tradeable certificate representing one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent from GHG emission reductions or GHG removal enhancements. Note 1 to entry: An entity can retire a carbon credit without using it for offsetting. Note 2 to entry: Carbon credits can be of different types: avoidance credits, reduction credits or removal credits. Note 3 to entry: Carbon credits used for carbon neutrality claims are generated outside the boundary of the subject.
碳(tan)(tan)信(xin)(xin)用(yong)，可交易的(de)证书，代表来(lai)自温(wen)室气体排放减(jian)少(shao)（GHG emission reductions）或温(wen)室气体去除(chu)增强（GHG removal enhancements）的(de)一吨二氧化碳(tan)(tan)当(dang)量(liang)（carbon dioxide equivalent ）。 注释(shi)(shi)1：实体（entity ）可以(yi)在不将碳(tan)(tan)信(xin)(xin)用(yong)用(yong)于抵消(xiao)的(de)情况下注销一份(fen)碳(tan)(tan)信(xin)(xin)用(yong)（offsetting）。 注释(shi)(shi)2：碳(tan)(tan)信(xin)(xin)用(yong)可以(yi)分(fen)为(wei)不同类型：避免信(xin)(xin)用(yong)、减(jian)少(shao)信(xin)(xin)用(yong)或去除(chu)信(xin)(xin)用(yong)。 注释(shi)(shi)3：用(yong)于碳(tan)(tan)中和声明(ming)（carbon neutrality claims）的(de)碳(tan)(tan)信(xin)(xin)用(yong)是在主体（subject）边界(jie)（boundary）外(wai)生(sheng)成的(de)。
Climate crisis 气候危机
The climate crisis refers to the serious problems that are being caused, or are likely to be caused, by changes in the planet’s climate, including weather extremes and natural disasters, ocean acidification and sea-level rise, loss of biodiversity, food and water insecurity, health risks, economic disruption, displacement, and even violent conflict. Since the 1800s, human activities have caused the Earth’s average temperature to increase by about 1.2° C – with more than two-thirds of this warming occurring since 1975. This is already causing significant damage to human societies and natural ecosystems in many parts of the world. More than 3 billion people live in places that are very vulnerable to the climate crisis, with lower income countries being disproportionately affected.
气候危机指的是由地(di)(di)球气候变化引起或可能引起的严重问题，包括极端天气和自(zi)然灾害、海(hai)洋酸化和海(hai)平面上(shang)升(sheng)、生物多样性(xing)丧(sang)失、粮食(shi)和水资源不(bu)安全、健(jian)康风险、经济混(hun)乱、人(ren)口迁(qian)徙，甚至暴(bao)力(li)冲突。 自(zi)19世纪以(yi)来，人(ren)类(lei)活动导致地(di)(di)球平均温(wen)度上(shang)升(sheng)约1.2摄氏度，其中(zhong)三分之二以(yi)上(shang)的升(sheng)温(wen)发生在(zai)1975年以(yi)后。这已(yi)经对世界(jie)许多地(di)(di)区(qu)的人(ren)类(lei)社会和自(zi)然生态系统(tong)造(zao)成了(le)严重破坏。超过30亿(yi)人(ren)口生活在(zai)非常容易受到气候危机影(ying)响(xiang)的地(di)(di)方(fang)，低收入国家受到的影(ying)响(xiang)尤为严重。
Carbon crediting programme 碳信用计划
Greenhouse gas (GHG) programme that issues carbon credits . Note 1 to entry: The carbon credits shall conform to the criteria established by the programme as well as the requirements of this document (see ISO 14068-1:2023 Clause 11).
发行碳(tan)信用的(de)温(wen)室气体计划（GHG programme）。 注释1：碳(tan)信用必须符合计划制定的(de)标准，同时(shi)符合本文(wen)件的(de)要(yao)求（参(can)见ISO 14068-1:2023第(di)11条款）。
Carbon cycle 碳循环
The term used to describe the flow of carbon (in various forms, e.g., as carbon dioxide (CO₂), carbon in biomass, and carbon dissolved in the ocean as carbonate and bicarbonate) through the atmosphere, hydrosphere, terrestrial and marine biosphere and lithosphere.
这个(ge)术语(yu)用(yong)于描述碳(tan)(tan)(tan)（各种形式存在的，例如二氧化碳(tan)(tan)(tan)（CO₂）、生物质中的碳(tan)(tan)(tan)以(yi)及(ji)海洋中以(yi)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸盐和碳(tan)(tan)(tan)酸氢(qing)根(gen)形式存在的碳(tan)(tan)(tan)）在大(da)气(qi)层、水圈、陆地和海洋生物圈以(yi)及(ji)岩石圈中的流动。
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) 二氧化碳
A naturally occurring gas, CO₂ is also a by product of burning fossil fuels (such as oil, gas and coal), of burning biomass, of land-use changes (LUC) and of industrial processes (e.g., cement production). It is the principal anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) that affects the Earth’s radiative balance. It is the reference gas against which other GHGs are measured and therefore has a Global Warming Potential (GWP) of 1. See also Greenhouse gas (GHG), Land use, and Land-use change.
二(er)氧化碳（CO₂）是(shi)一种自然(ran)存在的(de)气(qi)体(ti)(ti)，也是(shi)燃(ran)烧化石燃(ran)料（如石油(you)、天(tian)然(ran)气(qi)和(he)煤炭）、燃(ran)烧生物(wu)质、土地利用变(bian)(bian)化（LUC）和(he)工业过(guo)程（例(li)如水泥生产(chan)）的(de)副产(chan)品(pin)。它是(shi)主要的(de)人为产(chan)生的(de)温室(shi)气(qi)体(ti)(ti)（GHG），影响地球(qiu)的(de)辐(fu)射(she)平衡(heng)。它是(shi)其他温室(shi)气(qi)体(ti)(ti)测量的(de)参(can)考(kao)气(qi)体(ti)(ti)，因此具有(you)1的(de)全(quan)球(qiu)变(bian)(bian)暖潜力（GWP）。另请参(can)阅温室(shi)气(qi)体(ti)(ti)（GHG）、土地利用和(he)土地利用变(bian)(bian)化。
Carbon dioxide equivalent（CO₂e） 二氧化碳当量
Unit for expressing the radiative forcing of a greenhouse gas (GHG) in relation to that of carbon dioxide. Note 1 to entry: The carbon dioxide equivalent is calculated by multiplying the mass of a given GHG by its global warming potential.
二(er)氧化(hua)碳当(dang)量(liang)（CO₂e）是用于(yu)表示与(yu)二(er)氧化(hua)碳相比的温室(shi)气体（GHG）辐射强迫的单位。(二(er)氧化(hua)碳当(dang)量(liang)的计算是通过(guo)将给定GHG的质量(liang)乘(cheng)以其全球变暖潜(qian)能(GWP)来实现。)
Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) 碳捕获与储存
A process in which a relatively pure stream of carbon dioxide (CO₂) from industrial and energy-related sources is separated (captured), conditioned, compressed and transported to a storage location for long-term isolation from the atmosphere. Sometimes referred to as Carbon Capture and Storage. See also Carbon dioxide capture and utilisation(CCU), Bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage (BECCS), and Sequestration.
碳捕(bu)获(huo)与储存(cun)(cun)是一种过程(cheng)，通过该过程(cheng)，从工业(ye)和(he)能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)相(xiang)关源(yuan)(yuan)产(chan)生的相(xiang)对纯净的二氧(yang)(yang)化碳（CO₂）流被分离(li)、处理、压缩，然后运(yun)输到储存(cun)(cun)位置，以实现对其在大(da)气中的长期隔(ge)离(li)。有时也被称为碳捕(bu)获(huo)与储存(cun)(cun)（Carbon Capture and Storage）。另外，还请参阅二氧(yang)(yang)化碳捕(bu)获(huo)与利用（CCU）、具(ju)有二氧(yang)(yang)化碳捕(bu)获(huo)和(he)储存(cun)(cun)的生物能(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)（BECCS）以及封(feng)存(cun)(cun)。
Carbon dioxide capture and utilisation (CCU) 碳捕获与利用
A process in which carbon dioxide (CO₂) is captured and then used to produce a new product. If the CO₂ is stored in a product for a climate-relevant time horizon, this is referred to as carbon dioxide capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS). Only then, and only combined with CO₂ recently removed from the atmosphere, can CCUS lead to carbon dioxide removal. CCU is sometimes referred to as Carbon dioxide capture and use. See also Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS).
碳捕获与(yu)(yu)利用是一种过程，其(qi)中(zhong)二氧(yang)化碳（CO₂）被(bei)捕获然后用于(yu)生产新产品(pin)(pin)。如果CO₂在产品(pin)(pin)中(zhong)储存(cun)并具(ju)有与(yu)(yu)气(qi)候相关的(de)时(shi)间跨度，这(zhei)被(bei)称为二氧(yang)化碳捕获、利用和储存(cun)（CCUS）。只有在这(zhei)种情况下，并且只有与(yu)(yu)最近从大气(qi)中(zhong)去(qu)除(chu)的(de)CO₂结合使用时(shi)，CCUS才(cai)能实现二氧(yang)化碳的(de)去(qu)除(chu)。另请(qing)参阅二氧(yang)化碳捕获与(yu)(yu)储存(cun)（CCS）。
Carbon dioxide capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS) 碳捕获、利用与储存
See Carbon dioxide capture and utilisation (CCU).
参见二(er)氧化碳捕获和利(li)用（CCU）。
Carbon footprint 碳足迹
Sum of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and GHG removals of the subject (organization or product )expressed as carbon dioxide equivalents.
个人、组织或产品的温(wen)室(shi)(shi)气体排放（GHG emissions reduction）和温(wen)室(shi)(shi)气体去(qu)除（carbon removal）之(zhi)和，以(yi)二氧(yang)化碳当量（ carbon dioxide equivalents）表示。
Carbon footprint of a product （CFP） 产品碳足迹
Sum of GHG emissions and GHG removals in a product system , expressed as CO₂e quivalents and based on a life cycle assessment using the single impact category of climate change. Note 1 to entry: A CFP can be disaggregated into a set of figures identifying specific GHG emissions and removals. A CFP can also be disaggregated into the stages of the life cycle. Note 2 to entry: The results of the quantification of the CFP are documented in the CFP study report expressed in mass of CO₂e per functional unit .
在产品(pin)系统中，温(wen)室气(qi)体（GHG）排放(fang)和(he)(he)温(wen)室气(qi)体去除(chu)的(de)总和(he)(he)，以二氧化碳(tan)(tan)当(dang)量(liang)(liang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)单位，并基于(yu)气(qi)候变化的(de)单一(yi)影响类别进行(xing)的(de)生命(ming)周(zhou)期评(ping)估计算。 注1：碳(tan)(tan)足(zu)迹(ji)可以细分(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)一(yi)组数(shu)字(zi)，用于(yu)确定(ding)特定(ding)的(de)温(wen)室气(qi)体排放(fang)和(he)(he)去除(chu)。碳(tan)(tan)足(zu)迹(ji)也可以细分(fen)为(wei)(wei)(wei)生命(ming)周(zhou)期的(de)各个(ge)阶(jie)段。 注2：碳(tan)(tan)足(zu)迹(ji)的(de)量(liang)(liang)化结果记录(lu)在碳(tan)(tan)足(zu)迹(ji)研究报告中，以每功(gong)能单元的(de)CO₂e质量(liang)(liang)为(wei)(wei)(wei)单位表达。
Carbon farming 碳农业
Carbon farming refers to sequestering and storing carbon and/or reducing greenhouse gas emissions at farm level. It offers significant but uncertain mitigation potential in the EU, can deliver co-benefits to farmers and society, but also carries risks that need to be managed.
碳农(nong)(nong)业是(shi)指在农(nong)(nong)场层面封存和储存碳和/或(huo)减(jian)少温室气(qi)体排放。在欧盟，碳农(nong)(nong)业具有(you)显著但(dan)(dan)不确定(ding)的减(jian)缓潜力(li)，可以(yi)为农(nong)(nong)民和社会提(ti)供共同利益，但(dan)(dan)也带有(you)需(xu)要管理(li)的风险。
Carbon finance 碳金融
Carbon finance is the generic name for the revenue streams generated by projects from the sale of their greenhouse gas emission reductions, or from trading in carbon permits.
碳金融是指出售温室气(qi)体减排(pai)量或参与碳排(pai)放许可证(zheng)交(jiao)易，并(bing)从(cong)中获(huo)得现金流收支的(de)活动的(de)统(tong)称。
Carbon markets 碳市场
Carbon markets are trading schemes that create financial incentives for activities that reduce or remove greenhouse gas emissions. In these schemes, emissions are quantified into carbon credits that can be bought and sold. One tradable carbon credit equals one tonne of carbon dioxide, or the equivalent amount of a different greenhouse gas reduced, sequestered or avoided.
碳市场是创造金融激励以减(jian)少(shao)或(huo)清除温室气(qi)体排放的(de)(de)交易方(fang)案。在(zai)这些(xie)方(fang)案中，排放被量化成可以买卖的(de)(de)碳信用额度。一个(ge)可交易的(de)(de)碳信用额度等于一吨二氧化碳，或(huo)者(zhe)等于减(jian)少(shao)、封存或(huo)避免的(de)(de)其他温室气(qi)体相应数(shu)量。
Carbon neutral 碳中和
Condition in which, during a specified period of time, the carbon footprint has been reduced as a result of greenhouse gas(GHG) emission reductions or GHG removal enhancements and, if greater than zero, is then counterbalanced by offsetting. Note 1 to entry: Carbon credits used for offsetting shall meet certain criteria (see ISO 14068-1:2023 Clause 11) and are only used after GHG emission reductions and GHG removal enhancements have been made in line with the carbon neutrality management plan. Note 2 to entry: The specified period of time is a finite number of years, for organizations, or the full or partial life cycle, for products.
碳(tan)中和，在指(zhi)定(ding)的一段(duan)时间内(nei)，由于(yu)(yu)温(wen)室气(qi)体（GHG emission ）排(pai)放减(jian)(jian)少或(huo)温(wen)室气(qi)体去(qu)除（GHG removal）增强使碳(tan)足迹(ji)（carbon footprint）减(jian)(jian)少。如(ru)果减(jian)(jian)少值大于(yu)(yu)零，则(ze)通过抵消（offsetting）来平衡。 注释(shi)1：用于(yu)(yu)抵消的碳(tan)信用须符合一定(ding)的标准（参见ISO 14068-1:2023 第11条），仅在与(yu)碳(tan)中和管理计划一致(zhi)的温(wen)室气(qi)体减(jian)(jian)排(pai)和温(wen)室气(qi)体去(qu)除增强之后(hou)使用。 注释(shi)2：对于(yu)(yu)组织来说(shuo)，指(zhi)定(ding)的时间期限是(shi)有限的年(nian)数；对于(yu)(yu)产品来说(shuo)，是(shi)完(wan)整或(huo)部分的生命周(zhou)期。
Carbon neutrality 碳中性
State of being carbon neutral. Note 1 to entry: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) distinguishes between carbon neutrality, a condition in which CO₂emissions are balanced by CO₂ removals, and greenhouse gas (GHG) neutrality, in which all GHG emissions are balanced by GHG removals. The definition of carbon neutrality in this document is equivalent to the IPCC definition of GHG neutrality.
是(shi)指(zhi)处(chu)于碳(tan)(tan)(tan)中和(he)(he)（carbon neutral）的状(zhuang)态(tai)。 （注1:气(qi)候变化政府间专门委(wei)员会（IPCC）区分碳(tan)(tan)(tan)中和(he)(he)（carbon neutrality）与温(wen)室(shi)气(qi)体(ti)中和(he)(he)（GHG neutrlity），前者(zhe)为(wei)二氧化碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排放与二氧化碳(tan)(tan)(tan)去(qu)除相(xiang)平衡的状(zhuang)态(tai)，后者(zhe)为(wei)所(suo)有(you)温(wen)室(shi)气(qi)体(ti)排放（GHG emissions）与温(wen)室(shi)气(qi)体(ti)去(qu)除（GHG removals）相(xiang)平衡的状(zhuang)态(tai)。
Carbon offsets 碳抵消
Carbon offsets are tradable “rights” or certificates linked to activities that lower the amount of carbon dioxide (CO(2)) in the atmosphere. By buying these certificates, a person or group can fund projects that fight climate change, instead of taking actions to lower their own carbon emissions. In this way, the certificates “offset” the buyer’s CO(2) emissions with an equal amount of CO(2) reductions somewhere else.
碳(tan)抵消(xiao)是与降低大(da)气(qi)中(zhong)二氧化碳(tan)（CO₂）数(shu)量(liang)相(xiang)(xiang)关的(de)(de)可交(jiao)易的(de)(de)“权利”或证书。通过(guo)购(gou)买(mai)这些证书，个人或团体可以资(zi)助旨在对抗(kang)气(qi)候变化的(de)(de)项(xiang)目(mu)，而无需采取降低自(zi)身碳(tan)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)行动。通过(guo)这种方式，证书在其他地(di)方以相(xiang)(xiang)等数(shu)量(liang)的(de)(de)CO₂减排(pai)“抵消(xiao)”了购(gou)买(mai)者的(de)(de)CO₂排(pai)放(fang)(fang)。
Carbon sequestration 碳封存
The process of storing carbon in a carbon pool. See also Blue carbon, Carbon dioxide capture and storage(CCS), and Sink.
将碳储存(cun)到碳库(ku)中的过(guo)程。另请(qing)参阅(yue)蓝(lan)碳（Blue carbon）、二氧化碳捕获与储存(cun)（CCUS）、吸(xi)收和汇（Sink）。
Carbon sink 碳汇
A carbon sink is any process, activity, or mechanism that absorbs more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than it releases. Forests, oceans, and soil are the world’s largest natural carbon sinks. Oceans absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere through marine ecosystems and the plant and animal life they harbor. Sequestering carbon in marine ecosystems is generally referred to as blue carbon. Forests and soil are the other main natural carbon sinks of the planet, storing carbon in trees and vegetation, wetlands and peat bogs, and plant litter.
碳(tan)汇是(shi)指任(ren)何吸收(shou)大气(qi)中二(er)氧化碳(tan)多于释放的(de)过(guo)(guo)程、活动或机(ji)制(zhi)。森(sen)(sen)林(lin)、海(hai)洋(yang)(yang)和(he)(he)土(tu)壤是(shi)世界上(shang)最大的(de)自(zi)然碳(tan)汇。海(hai)洋(yang)(yang)通过(guo)(guo)海(hai)洋(yang)(yang)生(sheng)态系(xi)统和(he)(he)它(ta)们所包含的(de)植(zhi)物和(he)(he)动物吸收(shou)大气(qi)中的(de)二(er)氧化碳(tan)。在海(hai)洋(yang)(yang)生(sheng)态系(xi)统中储存碳(tan)通常被称为蓝碳(tan)。森(sen)(sen)林(lin)和(he)(he)土(tu)壤是(shi)地(di)球(qiu)上(shang)其他主(zhu)要的(de)自(zi)然碳(tan)汇，通过(guo)(guo)树木和(he)(he)植(zhi)被、湿地(di)和(he)(he)泥炭沼(zhao)泽以及植(zhi)物凋落物来(lai)储存碳(tan)。
Carbon tax 碳税
A levy on the carbon content of fossil fuels. Because virtually all of thecarbon in fossil fuels is ultimately emitted as carbon dioxide (CO₂), a carbon tax is equivalent to an emission tax on CO₂emissions {WGIII}.
对化石燃(ran)料的碳(tan)(tan)含量(liang)征税。由于化石燃(ran)料中几乎(hu)所有的碳(tan)(tan)最终(zhong)都以二氧化碳(tan)(tan)（CO₂）的形式排放(fang)(fang)，因此碳(tan)(tan)税相当(dang)于对二氧化碳(tan)(tan)排放(fang)(fang)征收排放(fang)(fang)税。
Cancún Pledges 坎昆承诺
During 2010, many countries submitted their existing plans for controlling greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the Climate Change Secretariat and these proposals have now been formally acknowledged under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC). Developed countries presented their plans in the shape of economy-wide targets to reduce emissions, mainly up to 2020, while developing countries proposed ways to limit their growth of emissions in the shape of plans of action. {WGIII}
许多(duo)国家在2010年(nian)期(qi)间向气(qi)候(hou)变(bian)(bian)化(hua)秘书处提(ti)交了(le)(le)(le)本国现(xian)有的温室气(qi)体排放(fang)控制计(ji)划，这些(xie)建(jian)议现(xian)已在联合国气(qi)候(hou)变(bian)(bian)化(hua)框架公约(UNFCCC)下予以了(le)(le)(le)正式承认。工业化(hua)国家以整体经济(ji)部(bu)门减排目标的形(xing)式提(ti)出了(le)(le)(le)自(zi)身的计(ji)划，时限(xian)大多(duo)到(dao)2020年(nian)，而(er)发展中国家以行动计(ji)划的形(xing)式提(ti)出了(le)(le)(le)限(xian)制排放(fang)增长的方式。
Carbon removal 碳去除
Carbon removal is the process of removing greenhouse gas emissions from the atmosphere, through natural solutions such as reforestation and soil management or technological solutions like direct air capture and enhanced mineralization. Carbon removal is not a substitute for cutting greenhouse gas emissions, but it can slow down climate change and is necessary to shorten any period during which we temporarily overshoot our climate targets.
碳去(qu)除是通(tong)过自(zi)然(ran)解决(jue)方(fang)(fang)案（如重(zhong)新造林(lin)和(he)土壤(rang)管理）或技术解决(jue)方(fang)(fang)案（如直接空气捕(bu)集和(he)强(qiang)化矿化）从大(da)气中去(qu)除温室气体(ti)排放(fang)的(de)过程(cheng)。碳去(qu)除并不是减少温室气体(ti)排放(fang)的(de)替(ti)代方(fang)(fang)法，但它可(ke)以减缓气候变化，并且在betway必(bi)威暂(zan)时超过气候目标的(de)任何(he)时期都(dou)是必(bi)要的(de)。
Certified emission reductions（CERs） 核证减排量
A unit of emission reduction generated by a CDM project. CERs are tradable commodities that can be (CERs) used by Annex 1 countries to meet their commitments under the Kyoto Protocol.
CDM 项目(mu)产生的减(jian)排量单位。CERs 是可(ke)被附件(jian)一国家履行《京都议定书》减(jian)排承诺的可(ke)交易商品。
Chinese certified emission reduction（CCER） 中国核证自愿减排量
CCER refers to the quantified and verified greenhouse gas emission reduction effects of specific projects within China, registered in the national voluntary greenhouse gas emission reduction trading registration system. These emission reduction credits can be used for offsetting by regulated entities during compliance or for other purposes.
指对我国(guo)境内特定项目的(de)温(wen)室气体减排(pai)效果进行量(liang)化核证，并在国(guo)家温(wen)室气体自愿减排(pai)交易(yi)注册(ce)登(deng)记(ji)系统中登(deng)记(ji)的(de)温(wen)室气体减排(pai)量(liang)，可用(yong)于控排(pai)企(qi)业(ye)清缴履约时的(de)抵消或其他用(yong)途。
Clean development mechanism（CDM） 清洁发展机制
A mechanism established by Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol for project-based emission reduction activities in developing countries. The CDM is designed to meet two main objectives: to address the sustainability needs of the host country and to increase the opportunities available to Annex 1 Parties to meet their GHG reduction commitments. The CDM allows for the creation, acquisition and transfer of CERs from climate change mitigation projects undertaken in non-Annex 1 countries.
《京都(dou)议定(ding)书》第12章中规定(ding)的(de)(de)由发展中国(guo)家参与的(de)(de)基于温室气体项目(mu)减(jian)排的(de)(de)机制(zhi)。该(gai)机制(zhi)用来实(shi)现(xian)两个(ge)主要目(mu)标 ：实(shi)现(xian)项目(mu)东(dong)道(dao)国(guo)的(de)(de)可持续发展并帮助附(fu)件一(yi)国(guo)家以低(di)成本实(shi)现(xian)减(jian)排承(cheng)诺。清(qing)洁(jie)发展机制(zhi)允许非(fei)附(fu)件一(yi)国(guo)家通过减(jian)缓(huan)气候(hou)变化的(de)(de)项目(mu)创造、获得并交易由项目(mu)产生的(de)(de)核证(zheng)减(jian)排量(liang)（CERs）。
Circular economy 循环经济
Circular economy refers to models of production and consumption that minimize waste and reduce pollution, promote sustainable uses of natural resources, and help regenerate nature. Circular economy approaches are all around us. They can be employed in a number of different sectors from textiles to buildings and construction, and at various stages of a product’s lifecycle, including design, manufacturing, distribution, and disposal.
循(xun)环(huan)经济是(shi)指生产(chan)和消费(fei)的(de)(de)(de)模式，旨在最小化(hua)废物(wu)和减少污染，促(cu)进对自然(ran)资源的(de)(de)(de)可持续利用(yong)(yong)，并帮助实现自然(ran)的(de)(de)(de)再生。循(xun)环(huan)经济的(de)(de)(de)方法无处不在。它们可以(yi)在从纺织(zhi)品(pin)到建筑和建设(she)等(deng)多(duo)个不同行(xing)业中应用(yong)(yong)，可以(yi)在产(chan)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)生命周期(qi)的(de)(de)(de)各个阶段(duan)，包括设(she)计、制造、分销(xiao)和处理中使用(yong)(yong)。
Climate change 气候变化
Climate change refers to the long-term changes in the Earth’s climate that are warming the atmosphere, ocean and land. Climate change is affecting the balance of ecosystems that support life and biodiversity, and impacting health. It also causes more extreme weather events, such as more intense and/or frequent hurricanes, floods, heat waves, and droughts, and leads to sea level rise and coastal erosion as a result of ocean warming, melting of glaciers, ad loss of ice sheets.
气候(hou)变化(hua)是(shi)指地(di)球(qiu)气候(hou)长期变化(hua)，影(ying)响(xiang)(xiang)大气、海洋和(he)(he)陆地(di)。气候(hou)变化(hua)正在影(ying)响(xiang)(xiang)支持生(sheng)(sheng)命(ming)和(he)(he)生(sheng)(sheng)物多样性的生(sheng)(sheng)态(tai)系统平(ping)(ping)衡，并对健(jian)康产生(sheng)(sheng)影(ying)响(xiang)(xiang)。它还导致更极端的天(tian)气事件，例如(ru)更强烈(lie)和(he)(he)/或更频繁(fan)的飓风、洪(hong)水(shui)、热浪和(he)(he)干旱，以及由于海洋变暖、冰川融化(hua)和(he)(he)冰盖减少而(er)导致的海平(ping)(ping)面上升和(he)(he)海岸侵蚀(shi)。
Climate change mitigation 减缓气候变化
Human intervention to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or enhance GHG removals.
人类采取措施来减(jian)少(shao)温室气(qi)体（GHG）排放(fang)或(huo)增强GHG去除效果。
Climate finance 气候金融
Climate finance refers to financial resources and instruments that are used to support action on climate change. Climate finance is critical to addressing climate change because of the large-scale investments that are needed to transition to a low-carbon global economy and to help societies build resilience and adapt to the impacts of climate change.
Climate finance can come from different sources, public or private, national or international, bilateral or multilateral. It can employ different instruments such as grants and donations, green bonds, debt swaps, guarantees, and concessional loans. And it can be used for different activities, including mitigation, adaptation, and resilience-building.
气候融资是指用于支持应对气候变化的行动的金融资源和工具。由于需要大规模的投资来实现向低碳全球经济的过渡，并帮助社会增强韧性并适应气候变化的影响，气候融资对于解决气候变化至关重要。
气候(hou)融资可(ke)以来自(zi)不同的(de)来源，包括(kuo)公共或私人(ren)、国(guo)家(jia)或国(guo)际、双边或多边。它(ta)可(ke)以采用不同的(de)工(gong)具，如赠(zeng)(zeng)款(kuan)和(he)(he)(he)捐(juan)赠(zeng)(zeng)、绿色债(zhai)券、债(zhai)务置换、担保(bao)和(he)(he)(he)有利贷(dai)款(kuan)。而(er)且可(ke)以用于不同的(de)活动，包括(kuo)减缓(huan)、适应和(he)(he)(he)增强韧性。
Climate justice 气候正义
Climate justice means putting equity and human rights at the core of decision-making and action on climate change.
One aspect of climate justice relates to the unequal historical responsibility that countries bear in relation to the climate crisis. The concept suggests that the countries, industries, and businesses that have become wealthy from activities that emitted the most greenhouse gas emissions have a responsibility to help mitigate the impacts of climate change on those affected, particularly the most vulnerable countries and communities, who often are the ones that have contributed the least to the crisis.
气候正义意味着将公平和人权置于决策和应对气候变化行动的核心位置。
气(qi)候(hou)(hou)正义的(de)一个(ge)方面(mian)涉及(ji)到各国在(zai)气(qi)候(hou)(hou)危机(ji)中所(suo)承担(dan)的(de)不平等历史责任(ren)。该概念表明，那些(xie)通过排放最多温室气(qi)体而变得富(fu)裕的(de)国家(jia)(jia)、产业和(he)(he)企(qi)业有责任(ren)帮助减缓气(qi)候(hou)(hou)变化对一些(xie)地(di)区的(de)影(ying)响，尤其是对那些(xie)最脆弱的(de)国家(jia)(jia)和(he)(he)社区的(de)影(ying)响，而这些(xie)地(di)区往往是在(zai)气(qi)候(hou)(hou)危机(ji)中贡献最少的(de)。
Climate overshoot 气候过冲
Under the Paris Agreement, countries are expected to take the necessary measures to avoid dangerous climate change by limiting global warming to well below 2°C and pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5°C. But even best-case scenarios now indicate a significant chance of overshooting these goals, even if temporarily. Climate overshoot refers to the period during which warming will have increased past 1.5° C, before falling back down. This period will probably occur around the middle of this century, but troubling signs are emerging that it may occur even earlier.
The longer the climate overshoot lasts, the more dangerous the world will become. A prolonged period of higher global temperatures will have devastating and irreversible impacts on natural ecosystems, biodiversity, and human communities, particularly in dry areas, coastal zones, and other vulnerable locations. Making deep emission cuts during this decade is of extreme importance to limiting the duration and impacts of the climate overshoot.
根据《巴黎协定》，各(ge)国被(bei)期望采取必要(yao)措施，通过(guo)将全球变(bian)暖控制在(zai)2摄(she)氏度(du)以(yi)(yi)下，并努(nu)力将其限制在(zai)1.5摄(she)氏度(du)以(yi)(yi)内，以(yi)(yi)避免(mian)危(wei)险的(de)(de)(de)(de)气(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)变(bian)化。但即使在(zai)最佳情况下，现在(zai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)预测也表(biao)明(ming)(ming)存在(zai)明(ming)(ming)显的(de)(de)(de)(de)超(chao)过(guo)这些目(mu)标(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)可(ke)能(neng)(neng)性，即使是暂时性的(de)(de)(de)(de)。 “气(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)过(guo)冲”指的(de)(de)(de)(de)是在(zai)温暖程度(du)已(yi)经超(chao)过(guo)1.5摄(she)氏度(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)时期，然后再(zai)回落。这一时期可(ke)能(neng)(neng)会在(zai)本世(shi)纪中叶左(zuo)右发生(sheng)，但令(ling)人(ren)担忧的(de)(de)(de)(de)迹象表(biao)明(ming)(ming)，它甚至可(ke)能(neng)(neng)在(zai)更早的(de)(de)(de)(de)时候(hou)(hou)发生(sheng)。 “气(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)过(guo)冲”的(de)(de)(de)(de)持(chi)续时间越(yue)长(zhang)，世(shi)界就会变(bian)得(de)越(yue)危(wei)险。长(zhang)时间的(de)(de)(de)(de)全球气(qi)(qi)温升高将对(dui)自然生(sheng)态系统、生(sheng)物多样性和(he)人(ren)类社区产(chan)生(sheng)毁灭性且不可(ke)逆转的(de)(de)(de)(de)影响(xiang)，尤其是在(zai)干旱(han)地区、沿海地带和(he)其他(ta)脆(cui)弱地区。在(zai)本十(shi)年内进行深度(du)减(jian)排对(dui)于限制气(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)超(chao)出(chu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)持(chi)续时间和(he)影响(xiang)至关重要(yao)。
Climate security 气候安全
Climate security refers to evaluating, managing, and reducing the risks to peace and stability brought on by the climate crisis. This means ensuring that climate mitigation and adaptation goes beyond doing no harm and contributes positively to peace and stability. It also means that conflict prevention and peacebuilding interventions take climate impacts into account.
气候(hou)安全是指评估(gu)、管理和(he)减少由气候(hou)危(wei)机带来的对(dui)和(he)平(ping)与稳定的风险(xian)。这(zhei)意味着(zhe)确保(bao)气候(hou)缓解和(he)适应不仅(jin)仅(jin)是防(fang)止造成伤(shang)害，而且对(dui)和(he)平(ping)与稳定起(qi)到积极的贡献。这(zhei)还意味着(zhe)在冲(chong)突(tu)预防(fang)和(he)和(he)平(ping)建设干预中考(kao)虑气候(hou)影响。
Cradle to gate 从摇篮到大门
All emissions that occur in the life cycle of purchased products, up to the point of receipt by the reporting company (excluding emissions from sources that are owned or controlled by the reporting company).
外购产品在其寿(shou)命周期中(zhong)的(de)(de)全部排放，至报告企业收到的(de)(de)时(shi)点为(wei)止（不(bu)包(bao)括由报告企业拥有或控制的(de)(de)排放源的(de)(de)排放）。
Cradle to cradle 从摇篮到摇篮
“Cradle to Cradle” is about seeing garbage as an eternal resource and doing the right thing from the beginning. It is about making community and product development function in the same way as a healthy ecological system where all resources are used effectively, and in a cyclical way (as opposed to the current linear system that can be better described as a Cradle to Grave system).
“从(cong)摇(yao)篮(lan)(lan)到(dao)(dao)摇(yao)篮(lan)(lan)”意味(wei)着(zhe)将“垃(la)圾(ji)”视为(wei)永(yong)久的(de)资(zi)源，从(cong)产(chan)品(pin)生(sheng)产(chan)初期就考(kao)虑到(dao)(dao)其最(zui)终的(de)走向。它旨在使社区(qu)和(he)产(chan)品(pin)开发像健(jian)康的(de)生(sheng)态系统(tong)(tong)一样运作，确保所(suo)有资(zi)源都(dou)被有效循环利用，做到(dao)(dao)整(zheng)个过(guo)程全面(mian)监管(guan)、监控。与(yu)当前线性系统(tong)(tong)（更像是从(cong)摇(yao)篮(lan)(lan)到(dao)(dao)坟墓的(de)系统(tong)(tong)）形成鲜明对比(bi)。
Cradle to grave 从摇篮到坟墓
“Cradle to grave” assessment considers impacts at each stage of a product's life-cycle, from the time natural resources are extracted from the ground and processed through each subsequent stage of manufacturing, transportation, product use, and ultimately, disposal.
“从摇篮到坟(fen)墓”评(ping)估考虑产(chan)(chan)品(pin)生命周(zhou)期的每个阶段(duan)的影(ying)响，从自(zi)然资源从地下提取并经过制造的各(ge)个后续阶段(duan)，包(bao)括(kuo)运输、产(chan)(chan)品(pin)使用，最终(zhong)到处(chu)理处(chu)置(zhi)。
COP 缔约方会议
The annual United Nations conference dedicated to climate change, called “the Conference of the Parties” or “COP,” has been organized under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) since 1995. At the 21st COP, or COP21, which took place in 2015, the Paris Agreement was signed. The conference now brings together all nations who are parties to the Paris Agreement to discuss their next steps to combat climate change and further establish legally binding agreements to support climate action.
自1995年(nian)(nian)以来，根(gen)据《联(lian)合(he)国(guo)气候变(bian)(bian)化框架公约(yue)》（UNFCCC）组织了专门讨(tao)论气候变(bian)(bian)化的(de)年(nian)(nian)度(du)联(lian)合(he)国(guo)会(hui)议，称为(wei)“缔(di)约(yue)方会(hui)议”（the Conference of the Parties）或“COP”。在2015年(nian)(nian)举行(xing)的(de)第21届缔(di)约(yue)方会(hui)议上，签署了《巴黎协定》。COP28将《巴黎协定》的(de)所有缔(di)约(yue)国(guo)聚集在一起，讨(tao)论应对气候变(bian)(bian)化的(de)下一步(bu)措施，并(bing)进一步(bu)制定具有法律约(yue)束力的(de)协议，以支持气候行(xing)动。
D
Decarbonization 脱碳
Decarbonization means reducing the amount of greenhouse gas emissions that a society produces, as well as increasing the amount that is being absorbed. It entails changing many, if not all, aspects of the economy, from how energy is generated, to how goods and services are produced and delivered, to how buildings are built and how lands are managed.
脱(tuo)碳(tan)意(yi)味着减少社(she)会产(chan)生的(de)温室气(qi)体排放，并增加吸收的(de)量。这需要改(gai)变经济的(de)许(xu)多方面，从(cong)能源生成方式到商品和服务的(de)生产(chan)和交付方式，再到建(jian)筑和土(tu)地(di)管理方式。
Deforestation 毁林
Conversion of forest to non-forest. For a discussion of the term forest and related terms such as afforestation, reforestation and deforestation, see the IPCC Special Report on Land Use, Land-Use Change, and Forestry (IPCC, 2000b). See also information provided by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 2013) and the report on Definitions and Methodological Options to Inventory Emissions from Direct Human-induced Degradation of Forests and Devegetation of Other Vegetation Types (IPCC, 2003).
指林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地转变(bian)(bian)为(wei)非林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)地。有关森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)这个术(shu)(shu)语(yu)以及(ji)对(dui)与之相关术(shu)(shu)语(yu)，如造(zao)(zao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)、再(zai)造(zao)(zao)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)和(he)毁林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)(de)讨论(lun)，参见(jian)《IPCC关于土地利(li)用、土地利(li)用变(bian)(bian)化与林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)业特别报告(gao)》(IPCC，2000b)。另见(jian)《 联合国气(qi)候变(bian)(bian)化框架公约》(UNFCCC，2013年)以及(ji)《IPCC 关于人(ren)类活动直接引起(qi)的(de)(de)(de)森(sen)林(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)和(he)其它(ta)植被(bei)退(tui)化造(zao)(zao)成的(de)(de)(de)温室气(qi)体排(pai)放清单(dan)的(de)(de)(de)定(ding)义和(he)方法学(xue)方案报告(gao)》(IPCC，2003年)所提供的(de)(de)(de)信息(xi)。
Designated national authority（DNA） 指定国家机构
The body granted responsibility by a Party, among other things and where applicable, to issue a letter of approval with respect to CDM project activities or PoAs on behalf of that Party, in accordance with the CDM rules and requirements.
指定国家机(ji)构(gou)（DNA）是(shi)缔约方(fang)授权(quan)和批(pi)准参与(yu)清洁(jie)发展机(ji)制项(xiang)目(mu)的(de)组织。DNA的(de)主要任(ren)务是(shi)评(ping)估潜在的(de)清洁(jie)发展机(ji)制（CDM）项(xiang)目(mu)，以(yi)确定它们是(shi)否有助(zhu)于东道(dao)国实(shi)现可持续发展目(mu)标，并向CDM项(xiang)目(mu)的(de)参与(yu)方(fang)发放批(pi)准函。
Designated operational entity (DOE) 指定运营实体
An entity designated by the CMP, based on a recommendation by the Board, as qualified to validate proposed CDM project activities and PoAs, as well as verify and certify reported GHG emission reductions and net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks.
由CMP根据董事会的(de)(de)建议指定的(de)(de)机构(gou)，具备(bei)验证拟议的(de)(de)清(qing)洁(jie)发展机制（CDM）项目活(huo)动和活(huo)动规划（PoAs），以及(ji)核查和认(ren)证报告的(de)(de)温室气体(ti)排(pai)放减少和由汇实现(xian)的(de)(de)净人(ren)为温室气体(ti)去除(chu)资格(ge)。
Direct emissions 直接排放
GHG emission within the boundary of the subject (organization or product), from GHG sources owned or controlled by the entity.
直接排放(fang)，来(lai)自实体(ti)所(suo)拥有或(huo)控制的(de)温室气(qi)体(ti)源(yuan)，发生在主体(ti)（组(zu)织或(huo)产品）边界内的(de)温室气(qi)体(ti)排放(fang)。
E
Embodied carbon 碳隐藏
Embodied carbon—also known as embodied greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions—refers to the amount of GHG emissions associated with upstream—extraction, production, transport, and manufacturing—stages of a product’s life. Many initiatives to track, disclose, and reduce embodied carbon emissions also consider emissions associated with the use of a product and its disposal.
隐含(han)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)指的(de)是与产品或材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)在(zai)其(qi)全生命周期内相关的(de)温室气体(ti)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)，这(zhei)一概(gai)念最常被(bei)用于建筑(zhu)行业(ye)，范围可以(yi)包括原材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)提取(qu)、材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)运(yun)输、材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)浪费、建筑(zhu)维护，以(yi)及建筑(zhu)物停止使用后(hou)却继续产生的(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)。联合国《2022年全球状况报告》显示，建筑(zhu)业(ye)占(zhan)全球碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)总量(liang)的(de)37%，其(qi)中大部分(fen)(fen)（28%）来自建筑(zhu)运(yun)营时造(zao)(zao)成的(de)能耗(hao)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)，这(zhei)意味着(zhe)还有(you)9%的(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)容易(yi)被(bei)忽略(lve)，隐含(han)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)正是为了强调这(zhei)部分(fen)(fen)隐含(han)在(zai)材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)和制造(zao)(zao)过程中的(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)(fang)而提出的(de)概(gai)念。
Emissions allowances 排放配额
Carbon allowances are issued by a government under an emissions cap-and-trade regulatory program. Each allowance (or emissions permit) typically allows its owner to emit one tonne of a pollutant such as CO₂e.Under a cap-and-trade system, the supply of GHG allowances is limited by the mandated ‘cap’. Allowances can be allocated freely by the governing program, be purchased when auctions are held, or be purchased from other entities that have excess.
碳配(pei)(pei)额(e)(e)是政府(fu)在(zai)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)上限(xian)和交(jiao)易(yi)监管计划(hua)下发放(fang)的。每个配(pei)(pei)额(e)(e)（或排(pai)(pai)放(fang)许可证）通常允许其所有者排(pai)(pai)放(fang)一吨(dun)污染物(wu)，如(ru)CO₂e。在(zai)排(pai)(pai)放(fang)上限(xian)和交(jiao)易(yi)系统中，温室气体配(pei)(pei)额(e)(e)的供应受(shou)到(dao)强制性(xing)的“上限(xian)”限(xian)制。这(zhei)些配(pei)(pei)额(e)(e)可以由管理计划(hua)免费分配(pei)(pei)，也可以在(zai)拍卖时购(gou)买，或者从其他有剩余(yu)的实体那里购(gou)买。
Emission factor 排放因子
Emissions factors have long been the fundamental tool in developing national, regional, state, and local emissions inventories for air quality management decisions and in developing emissions control strategies.An emissions factor is a representative value that attempts to relate the quantity of a pollutant released to the atmosphere with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant. These factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit weight, volume, distance, or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant (e.g., kilograms of particulate emitted per megagram of coal burned). Such factors facilitate estimation of emissions from various sources of air pollution.
排(pai)放(fang)因(yin)(yin)(yin)子长期(qi)以(yi)来一直(zhi)是(shi)制(zhi)定(ding)国家、地区、州(zhou)和地方排(pai)放(fang)清(qing)单(dan)以(yi)进(jin)行空(kong)气(qi)(qi)质量(liang)(liang)管理决策(ce)和制(zhi)定(ding)排(pai)放(fang)控制(zhi)策(ce)略的(de)(de)基(ji)本工具。排(pai)放(fang)因(yin)(yin)(yin)子是(shi)一个代表性值(zhi)，试(shi)图将(jiang)释(shi)放(fang)到大气(qi)(qi)中的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)染物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)数量(liang)(liang)与(yu)与(yu)该污(wu)(wu)染物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)释(shi)放(fang)相关(guan)的(de)(de)活(huo)动联(lian)系(xi)起来。这(zhei)(zhei)些因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)通常表示为(wei)污(wu)(wu)染物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)重(zhong)量(liang)(liang)除以(yi)排(pai)放(fang)污(wu)(wu)染物(wu)(wu)的(de)(de)活(huo)动的(de)(de)单(dan)位重(zhong)量(liang)(liang)、体积(ji)、距(ju)离(li)或持续时间（例如，每(mei)兆燃(ran)煤排(pai)放(fang)的(de)(de)颗粒物(wu)(wu)千克数）。这(zhei)(zhei)些因(yin)(yin)(yin)素(su)有(you)助于估算各(ge)种空(kong)气(qi)(qi)污(wu)(wu)染源(yuan)的(de)(de)排(pai)放(fang)量(liang)(liang)。
Emissions trading（ET） 排放交易
Parties with commitments under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Parties) have accepted targets for limiting or reducing emissions. These targets are expressed as levels of allowed emissions, or assigned amounts,at over the 2008-2012 commitment period. The allowed emissions are divided into assigned amount units (AAUs). Emissions trading, as set out in Article 17 of the Kyoto Protocol, allows countries that have emission units to spare - emissions permitted them but not "used" - to sell this excess capacity to countries that are over their targets. Thus, a new commodity was created in the form of emission reductions or removals. Since carbon dioxide is the principal greenhouse gas, people speak simply of trading in carbon. Carbon is now tracked and traded like any other commodity. This is known as the "carbon market". The other units which may be transferred under the scheme, each equal to one tonne of CO₂, may be in the form of: A removal unit (RMU) on the basis of land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) activities such as reforestation; An emission reduction unit (ERU) generated by a joint implementation project; A certified emission reduction (CER) generated from a clean development mechanism project activity.
根据(ju)《京(jing)都议定(ding)书》作出承(cheng)诺的(de)(de)(de)缔约方（附件 B 缔约方）已(yi)接受(shou)限制或(huo)减少排(pai)放(fang)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)标(biao)。这些目(mu)标(biao)以 2008 年至 2012 年承(cheng)诺期内的(de)(de)(de)允(yun)(yun)许排(pai)放(fang)水平或(huo)分配(pei)数量(liang)(liang)表示(shi)。允(yun)(yun)许的(de)(de)(de)排(pai)放(fang)量(liang)(liang)分为分配(pei)数量(liang)(liang)单位（AAU）。 《京(jing)都议定(ding)书》第(di) 17 条(tiao)规定(ding)排(pai)放(fang)交(jiao)易，允(yun)(yun)许国家将(jiang)闲置排(pai)放(fang)单位（未使用的(de)(de)(de)允(yun)(yun)许排(pai)放(fang)）出售(shou)给无法达(da)到目(mu)标(biao)的(de)(de)(de)国家。以减排(pai)或(huo)清除(chu)的(de)(de)(de)形式创造了一(yi)(yi)种新商品(pin)，碳(tan)像任何其他商品(pin)一(yi)(yi)样被追踪和交(jiao)易，这是所谓的(de)(de)(de)“碳(tan)市(shi)场”。 碳(tan)市(shi)场的(de)(de)(de)交(jiao)易单位包括(kuo)：去除(chu)单元(yuan)（RMU）：基于(yu)土地利用、土地利用变化和林(lin)业 (LULUCF) 重新造林(lin)等活(huo)动(dong)；减排(pai)单位（ERU）：由联合执行项(xiang)目(mu)产生(sheng)；经认证的(de)(de)(de)减排(pai)量(liang)(liang) (CER)：产生(sheng)于(yu)清洁(jie)发展机制项(xiang)目(mu)活(huo)动(dong)。
Emission scenario 排放情景
A plausible representation of the future development of emissions of substances that are potentially radiatively active (e.g., greenhouse gases (GHGs), aerosols) based on a coherent and internally consistent set of assumptions about driving forces (such as demographic and socio-economic development, technological change, energy and land use) and their key relationships. Concentration scenarios, derived from emission scenarios, are used as input to a climate model to compute climate projections.( In IPCC (1992) a set of emission scenarios was presented which were used as a basis for the climate projections in IPCC (1996). These emission scenarios are referred to as the IS92 scenarios. )
排(pai)(pai)(pai)放情(qing)景(jing)(jing)是对辐射有潜在作用的(de)(de)物(wu)质(如温室气(qi)体(ti)(GHG)、气(qi)溶(rong)胶) 未来排(pai)(pai)(pai)放趋势的(de)(de)合理表述，它是基于(yu)具有连贯性和内(nei)部协调性的(de)(de)驱动因素(如人口统计(ji)、社会经济发展、技(ji)术变革、能源和土地利用)及其相互之间(jian)重要联系所提出(chu)的(de)(de)一组(zu)假设。以排(pai)(pai)(pai)放情(qing)景(jing)(jing)为基础得到的(de)(de)浓度情(qing)景(jing)(jing)用作气(qi)候(hou)模式的(de)(de)输入项，以计(ji)算出(chu)气(qi)候(hou)预估结(jie)果。(IPCC(1992)提出(chu)的(de)(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放情(qing)景(jing)(jing)系列(lie)， 成为IPCC(1996)气(qi)候(hou)预估的(de)(de)基础，该系列(lie)排(pai)(pai)(pai)放情(qing)景(jing)(jing)被称作IS92情(qing)景(jing)(jing)系列(lie)。)
G
Gate to gate 从大门到大门
The emissions and removals attributable to a studied product while it is under the ownership or control of the reporting company.
表示在(zai)报告公司拥(yong)有或控制的情况下(xia)，与所研究产品相关的排放和去(qu)除(chu)。
Global warming 全球变暖
Global warming is an increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature that occurs when the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increases. These gases absorb more solar radiation and trap more heat, thus causing the planet to get hotter. Burning fossil fuels, cutting down forests, and farming livestock are some human activities that release greenhouse gases and contribute to global warming.
全(quan)球(qiu)变(bian)暖是指当大气中温室(shi)气体的浓度增加时(shi)，地球(qiu)平均表(biao)面温度升高(gao)的现象。这些气体吸收更多太阳辐射并(bing)捕获更多热量，从而(er)使地球(qiu)变(bian)得更热。燃烧化石燃料、砍(kan)伐森林和养殖牲畜是一(yi)些释(shi)放(fang)温室(shi)气体并(bing)导致全(quan)球(qiu)变(bian)暖的人类活动。
Global warming potential（GWP） 全球变暖潜能
Index, based on radiative properties of greenhouse gases(GHGs) measuring the radiative forcing following a pulse emission of a unit mass of a given GHG in the present-day atmosphere integrated over a chosen time horizon, relative to that of carbon dioxide (CO₂). Note 1 to entry: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) publishes and regularly updates GWP values for various time horizons, including 20, 100 and 500 years.
全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)变暖潜(qian)能，该指(zhi)数基于温室(shi)气(qi)体(ti)（GHGs）的(de)(de)辐射(she)特性，测量(liang)在当(dang)前大(da)气(qi)条件下，相对(dui)于二氧(yang)化(hua)碳(tan)（CO₂)，特定(ding)GHG单位质量(liang)的(de)(de)脉(mai)冲(chong)排放在选择的(de)(de)时间(jian)(jian)(jian)范(fan)围(wei)内(nei)产生的(de)(de)辐射(she)强(qiang)迫。 注释1：联合国政府(fu)间(jian)(jian)(jian)气(qi)候变化(hua)专(zhuan)门(men)委(wei)员会（IPCC）定(ding)期发布不同时间(jian)(jian)(jian)范(fan)围(wei)内(nei)的(de)(de)全(quan)(quan)球(qiu)(qiu)增温潜(qian)势（GWP）值，包括(kuo)20年、100年和500年。
Greenhouse gas GHG 温室气体
Gaseous constituent of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, that absorbs and emits radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the atmosphere and clouds.
温室气(qi)(qi)体(ti)，大气(qi)(qi)中的气(qi)(qi)体(ti)成分，包括自然来源和(he)(he)人为排(pai)放的，能够在地球(qiu)表(biao)面(mian)、大气(qi)(qi)层和(he)(he)云层发出的红(hong)外辐(fu)射(she)(she)谱段内吸收和(he)(he)辐(fu)射(she)(she)特定波长的辐(fu)射(she)(she)。
Greenhouse gas emissions 温室气体排放
Release of a GHG into the atmosphere.
向(xiang)大气中释放温室气体。
Greenhouse gas programme（GHG programme） 温室气体项目
Voluntary or mandatory international, national or subnational system or scheme that registers, accounts or manages GHG emissions, GHG removals , GHG emission reductions or GHG removal enhancements.
自(zi)愿(yuan)或(huo)(huo)强(qiang)制性的(de)国际、国家(jia)或(huo)(huo)次国家(jia)体系(xi)或(huo)(huo)计划，用于登(deng)记(ji)、核(he)算或(huo)(huo)管理温室气(qi)(qi)体排放（GHG emissions）、温室气(qi)(qi)体去除（GHG removals）、温室气(qi)(qi)体减排（GHG emission reductions）或(huo)(huo)温室气(qi)(qi)体去除增(zeng)强(qiang)（GHG removal enhancements ）。
Greenhouse gas emission reduction（GHG emission reduction） 温室气体减排
Decrease in GHG emissions quantified between two points in time or relative to a baseline.
温(wen)室气体排(pai)放（GHG emission）在两个时间点之间或相(xiang)对于基准（baseline）减少的数量。
Greenhouse gas removal (GHG removal) 温室气体去除
Process that removes a GHG from the atmosphere. (Note 1 to entry: A process can be natural or anthropogenic.）
从大气中(zhong)去除(chu)温室气体的过(guo)程(cheng)（这个(ge)过(guo)程(cheng)可以(yi)是(shi)(shi)自然的也可以(yi)是(shi)(shi)人为的）。
Greenhouse gas sink (GHG sink) 温室气体汇
Withdrawal of a GHG from the atmosphere by a GHG sink.（Note 1 to entry: Examples of ways in which GHG removals can be achieved include reforestation, carbon sequestration in soils, sustainable bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, and direct air carbon capture and storage.）
通过温室气(qi)(qi)体汇(GHG sink)从大气(qi)(qi)中吸收温室气(qi)(qi)体。（实现温室气(qi)(qi)体去除(chu)的方(fang)式包括重新造(zao)林、土(tu)壤中的碳封(feng)存、具有碳捕(bu)获和储(chu)存的可持续生(sheng)物能源，以及(ji)直接空(kong)气(qi)(qi)碳捕(bu)获和储(chu)存。）
Greenwashing 漂绿
Greenwashing refers to situations where a company makes misleading claims about their positive environmental impact or the sustainability of their products and services to convince consumers that they are acting on climate change. In some cases, greenwashing can be unintentional, because of lack of knowledge on environmental issues. However, it can also be carried out intentionally as a marketing and public relations exercise, exploiting public support towards environmental policies for profit.
漂绿是指(zhi)公(gong)(gong)司就(jiu)其(qi)对(dui)(dui)气候变化采取的积(ji)极环(huan)保行(xing)(xing)动或(huo)其(qi)产品和服务的可(ke)持续(xu)性做(zuo)出误(wu)导性宣称，以使消费者认为(wei)(wei)他们正在应对(dui)(dui)气候变化。在某(mou)些情况下，漂绿可(ke)能是无意的，因为(wei)(wei)缺乏对(dui)(dui)环(huan)境问题的了解。然而，它也可(ke)以作为(wei)(wei)一种营(ying)销和公(gong)(gong)共关系(xi)活动有(you)意进行(xing)(xing)，利用公(gong)(gong)众对(dui)(dui)环(huan)保政策(ce)的支持来获利。
I
Indirect emissions 间接排放
GHG emission that is a consequence of, and within the boundary of, the subject , but that arises from GHG sources that are not owned or controlled by the entity. Note 1 to entry: These emissions occur generally in the upstream and/or downstream value chain of the subject.
间接排(pai)放(fang)，因(yin)主(zhu)体(ti)(ti)而产(chan)生(sheng)的(de)温(wen)室气(qi)体(ti)(ti)排(pai)放(fang)，位于主(zhu)体(ti)(ti)边界(jie)内，但源(yuan)自实(shi)体(ti)(ti)未拥有或控(kong)制的(de)温(wen)室气(qi)体(ti)(ti)源(yuan)。（这些(xie)排(pai)放(fang)通常发生(sheng)在主(zhu)体(ti)(ti)的(de)上游和/或下(xia)游价值(zhi)链（value chain）中。）
Intergovernmental panel on climate change（IPCC） 气候变化政府间专门委员会
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is an independent body founded under the auspices of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The IPCC’s main role is to assess the scientific literature and findings on climate change and provide vital scientific information and evidenced-based recommendations to policymakers and the public. It is widely recognized as the most credible source of information related to the science of climate change and its complex analysis of impacts, risks, and adaptation and mitigation option.
气(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)变化(hua)(hua)政府间专(zhuan)门委员(yuan)会（IPCC）是在世(shi)界气(qi)(qi)象组织(zhi)（WMO）和联合(he)国环境规划署(shu)（UNEP）的(de)(de)(de)支持(chi)下成立(li)的(de)(de)(de)独立(li)机构。 IPCC的(de)(de)(de)主要(yao)职责是评估关于(yu)气(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)变化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)学文献和研究结果，并向(xiang)决策者和公众提供重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)科(ke)学信息和基于(yu)证(zheng)据的(de)(de)(de)建议。它被广泛认为是有关气(qi)(qi)候(hou)(hou)变化(hua)(hua)科(ke)学及其(qi)对影响、风(feng)险以及适应和减(jian)缓(huan)选项复杂分(fen)析的(de)(de)(de)最(zui)可靠信息源。
J
Joint implementation 联合履行
The mechanism known as "joint implementation", defined in Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol, allows a country with an emission reduction or limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party) to earn emission reduction units (ERUs) from an emission-reduction or emission removal project in another Annex B Party, each equivalent to one tonne of CO₂, which can be counted towards meeting its Kyoto target. Joint implementation offers Parties a flexible and cost-efficient means of fulfilling a part of their Kyoto commitments, while the host Party benefits from foreign investment and technology transfer.
被称为“联(lian)合(he)履(lv)行(xing)”的(de)(de)机(ji)制(zhi)在《京(jing)都议(yi)定书(shu)》第(di)6条中(zhong)定义。该机(ji)制(zhi)允许在《京(jing)都议(yi)定书(shu)》下具有排放减少或限制(zhi)承诺的(de)(de)国家（附件B方）通过(guo)在另一(yi)(yi)(yi)个附件B方进行(xing)的(de)(de)减排或排放清除项目中(zhong)获得等同于一(yi)(yi)(yi)吨CO₂的(de)(de)减排量单位（ERUs），这些(xie)单位可以(yi)计入其京(jing)都目标的(de)(de)达成。 联(lian)合(he)实(shi)施为各(ge)方提供了一(yi)(yi)(yi)种灵活(huo)且成本效(xiao)益的(de)(de)方式，用以(yi)履(lv)行(xing)其京(jing)都承诺的(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)分(fen)，而且东道国可以(yi)从外国投(tou)资和技术(shu)转让中(zhong)受益。
K
Kyoto protocol（KP） 京都议定书
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 11 December 1997. Owing to a complex ratification process, it entered into force on 16 February 2005. Currently, there are 192 Parties to the Kyoto Protocol.In short, the Kyoto Protocol operationalizes the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change by committing industrialized countries and economies in transition to limit and reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in accordance with agreed individual targets. The Convention itself only asks those countries to adopt policies and measures on mitigation and to report periodically. The Kyoto Protocol is based on the principles and provisions of the Convention and follows its annex-based structure. It only binds developed countries, and places a heavier burden on them under the principle of “common but differentiated responsibility and respective capabilities”, because it recognizes that they are largely responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions in the atmosphere.In its Annex B, the Kyoto Protocol sets binding emission reduction targets for 37 industrialized countries and economies in transition and the European Union. Overall, these targets add up to an average 5 per cent emission reduction compared to 1990 levels over the five year period 2008–2012 (the first commitment period).
《京(jing)(jing)都(dou)(dou)议定(ding)(ding)书》于1997年(nian)12月(yue)11日获得通(tong)过。由于批准过程复杂(za)，该(gai)公(gong)约(yue)(yue)于2005年(nian)2月(yue)16日生效。目前《京(jing)(jing)都(dou)(dou)议定(ding)(ding)书》有(you)192个缔约(yue)(yue)方。简而(er)言之,《京(jing)(jing)都(dou)(dou)议定(ding)(ding)书》通(tong)过使工业(ye)(ye)化(hua)国家(jia)(jia)和转型经(jing)济(ji)体(ti)(ti)承诺根据商定(ding)(ding)的具体(ti)(ti)目标限制和减(jian)少(shao)温(wen)室气(qi)体(ti)(ti)（GHG）排(pai)放，落实《联合国气(qi)候变(bian)化(hua)框架公(gong)约(yue)(yue)》。《公(gong)约(yue)(yue)》本(ben)身只要(yao)求这些(xie)国家(jia)(jia)采取减(jian)缓政策和措施，并(bing)定(ding)(ding)期报告(gao)。 京(jing)(jing)都(dou)(dou)议定(ding)(ding)书》以《公(gong)约(yue)(yue)》的原则和规定(ding)(ding)为基(ji)础(chu)，并(bing)遵循(xun)其(qi)基(ji)于附(fu)件的构架。它(ta)只对发(fa)达国家(jia)(jia)有(you)约(yue)(yue)束力(li)(li)，并(bing)根据“共(gong)同但有(you)区别的责任和各(ge)自能力(li)(li)”原则，要(yao)求发(fa)达国家(jia)(jia)承担更多责任，因(yin)为《京(jing)(jing)都(dou)(dou)议定(ding)(ding)书》认定(ding)(ding)发(fa)达国家(jia)(jia)对目前大气(qi)中温(wen)室气(qi)体(ti)(ti)排(pai)放量负有(you)主要(yao)责任。《京(jing)(jing)都(dou)(dou)议定(ding)(ding)书》在其(qi)附(fu)件B中为37个工业(ye)(ye)化(hua)国家(jia)(jia)和转型经(jing)济(ji)体(ti)(ti)以及欧洲联盟(meng)设定(ding)(ding)了具有(you)约(yue)(yue)束力(li)(li)的减(jian)排(pai)目标。总体(ti)(ti)而(er)言，在2008年(nian)至(zhi)2012年(nian)（第(di)一承诺期）的五(wu)年(nian)时(shi)间(jian)里，这些(xie)目标将在1990年(nian)排(pai)放水平上(shang)平均减(jian)排(pai)5%。
L
Leakage 泄漏
Phenomena whereby the reduction in emissions (relative to a baseline) in a jurisdiction/sector associated with the implementation of mitigation policy is offset to some degree by an increase outside the jurisdiction/sector through induced changes in consumption, production, prices, land use and/or trade across the jurisdictions/sectors. Leakage can occur at a number of levels, be it a project, state, province, nation or world region. In the context of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS), CO₂ leakage refers to the escape of injected carbon dioxide (CO₂) from the storage location and eventual release to the atmosphere. In the context of other substances, the term is used more generically, such as for methane (CH₄) leakage (e.g., from fossil fuel extraction activities) and hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) leakage (e.g., from refrigeration and airconditioning systems).
在(zai)(zai)执行减缓(huan)政策时，某(mou)一(yi)(yi)辖(xia)区/部门(与某(mou)一(yi)(yi)基线相(xiang)比较)减排量(liang)(liang)在(zai)(zai)某(mou)种程度(du)上被该辖(xia)区/部门外的排放增加(jia)量(liang)(liang)所抵(di)消(xiao)的现象，而这种增排是(shi)由(you)辖(xia)区/部门之(zhi)间消(xiao)费、生产、价格、土地利用和贸易的变化(hua)造(zao)成。无论是(shi)一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)项(xiang)目、一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)州(zhou)、一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)省(sheng)、一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)国家(jia)，还是(shi)世界上的一(yi)(yi)个(ge)(ge)区域，多个(ge)(ge)层(ceng)面都可(ke)能(neng)发生泄漏(lou)(lou)现象。 在(zai)(zai)二(er)氧化(hua)碳捕(bu)获和封存(cun)(CCS)的介(jie)绍中，CO₂泄漏(lou)(lou)是(shi)指注(zhu)入(ru)的二(er)氧化(hua)碳(CO₂)从存(cun)储(chu)位置最终(zhong)释放到大(da)气中的逃逸。 在(zai)(zai)谈到其它物质的情况(kuang)下，该术语涵盖的范(fan)围(wei)更宽泛，例(li)如指甲烷(CH₄)泄漏(lou)(lou)(例(li)如，从化(hua)石燃料的开采活动)，和氢氟烃 (HFC)泄漏(lou)(lou)(例(li)如，从制冷和空(kong)调系统)。
Life cycle 生命周期
Consecutive and interlinked stages related to a product, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to end-of-life treatment. Note 1 to entry: “Raw material” is defined in ISO 14040:2006, 3.15. Note 2 to entry: Stages of a life cycle related to a product include raw material acquisition, production, distribution, use and end-of-life treatment.
与(yu)产(chan)品(pin)相关(guan)的(de)连续且(qie)相互关(guan)联(lian)的(de)阶(jie)段，从(cong)(cong)原(yuan)材料采集或从(cong)(cong)自然资源生(sheng)成(cheng)到生(sheng)命(ming)周期结束(shu)处理。 注1："原(yuan)材料"在ISO 14040:2006,3.15中有定义。 注2：与(yu)产(chan)品(pin)相关(guan)的(de)生(sheng)命(ming)周期阶(jie)段包括原(yuan)材料采集、生(sheng)产(chan)、分销、使用和生(sheng)命(ming)周期结束(shu)处理。
Life cycle assessment (LCA) 生命周期评估
Compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle. Note 1 to entry: “Environmental impact” is defined in ISO 14001:2015, 3.2.4.
对(dui)产品系统在(zai)(zai)其整个生命周期内(nei)的输(shu)入、输(shu)出和潜在(zai)(zai)环境影响进(jin)行汇编和评估(gu)。 注1：“环境影响”在(zai)(zai)ISO 14001:2015,3.2.4中有定义。
Long-term strategies (LTS) 长期战略
In the context of the international Paris Agreement on climate change, a long-term strategy is a formal document a country uses to communicate its plans for long-term low-emission development. Long-term strategies (also called “long-term low GHG emissions development strategies”) are central to achieving the goal of reaching net-zero emissions, limiting warming and preventing some of the worst impacts of climate change. Countries can use these strategies to set out long-term goals for climate and development and direct the short-term decision-making that is needed to achieve net-zero emissions and climate-resilient economies.
在国际气(qi)候变化(hua)《巴黎(li)协定(ding)》的(de)背(bei)景下，长期(qi)战略(lve)（也称(cheng)为“长期(qi)低(di)温室气(qi)体(ti)排放(fang)(fang)(fang)发(fa)展(zhan)战略(lve)”）是(shi)一个(ge)国家用来传达其长期(qi)低(di)排放(fang)(fang)(fang)发(fa)展(zhan)计划的(de)正(zheng)式文(wen)件。 长期(qi)战略(lve)对于实现净零排放(fang)(fang)(fang)、限制(zhi)变暖和(he)防(fang)止气(qi)候变化(hua)的(de)一些(xie)最严重影响的(de)目标至关重要。各国可以利用这(zhei)些(xie)战略(lve)制(zhi)定(ding)气(qi)候与发(fa)展(zhan)的(de)长期(qi)目标，并指导实现净零排放(fang)(fang)(fang)和(he)气(qi)候适应型(xing)经济所需(xu)的(de)短期(qi)决(jue)策。
M
Mitigation 减缓
Climate change mitigation refers to any action taken by governments, businesses, or people to reduce or prevent greenhouse gas emissions, or to enhance carbon sinks that remove these gases from the atmosphere. Reducing or preventing greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved by transitioning to renewable energy sources like wind and solar, using energy more efficiently, adopting low carbon or carbon-free transportation modalities, promoting sustainable agriculture and land use, and changing production and consumption models and diet behaviors. Enhancing carbon sinks can be achieved by restoring forests, wetlands, and marshlands, maintaining soil health, and protecting terrestrial and marine ecosystem.
气(qi)候变(bian)化(hua)减缓指的(de)是政府、企业或个人采取的(de)任何行动(dong)，旨在减少(shao)或防止温室气(qi)体(ti)排放，或增强能够(gou)将这些气(qi)体(ti)从(cong)大气(qi)中去(qu)除的(de)碳(tan)汇。 通过(guo)过(guo)渡到(dao)风能和太阳(yang)能等可(ke)再生(sheng)(sheng)能源、更有(you)效地使用能源、采用低碳(tan)或无碳(tan)的(de)交通方式、推动(dong)可(ke)持续(xu)农业和土(tu)地利用，以(yi)(yi)及改变(bian)生(sheng)(sheng)产(chan)和消费(fei)模式和饮(yin)食习(xi)惯，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)实(shi)现减少(shao)或防止温室气(qi)体(ti)排放。通过(guo)恢复森林、湿地和沼(zhao)泽地、保(bao)(bao)持土(tu)壤健康以(yi)(yi)及保(bao)(bao)护陆地和海洋生(sheng)(sheng)态系统，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)增强碳(tan)汇。
N
Nationally determined contribution（NDC） 国家自主贡献
A term used under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) whereby a country that has joined the Paris Agreement outlines its plans for reducing its emissions. Some countries NDCs also address how they will adapt to climate change impacts, and what support they need from, or will provide to, other countries to adopt low-carbon pathways and to build climate resilience. According to Article 4 paragraph 2 of the Paris Agreement, each Party shall prepare, communicate and maintain successive NDCs that it intends to achieve. In the lead up to the 21st Conference of the Parties in Paris in 2015, countries submitted Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs). As countries join the Paris Agreement, unless they decide otherwise, this INDC becomes their first Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC).
“国(guo)(guo)家(jia)自(zi)主贡献(xian)”（Nationally Determined Contribution，NDC）是(shi)在(zai)联合国(guo)(guo)气候变(bian)(bian)化框架(jia)公约(yue)（UNFCCC）下使用(yong)的(de)术语，用(yong)于描述已加(jia)入《巴黎协(xie)定(ding)》的(de)国(guo)(guo)家(jia)关于减(jian)少排放计(ji)划的(de)详细内容。一些国(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)NDC还包括(kuo)它们(men)如何(he)应对气候变(bian)(bian)化的(de)影响，以(yi)及它们(men)需要或将向其他国(guo)(guo)家(jia)提(ti)供何(he)种支持，以(yi)采纳(na)低(di)碳途径(jing)并增强气候韧(ren)性(xing)。根据《巴黎协(xie)定(ding)》第(di)4条第(di)2款的(de)规定(ding)，每一缔约(yue)方(fang)都(dou)应制(zhi)定(ding)、传达和维护其打(da)算实现(xian)的(de)一系(xi)列NDC。在(zai)2015年(nian)巴黎协(xie)定(ding)第(di)21次(ci)缔约(yue)方(fang)大会之前，各国(guo)(guo)提(ti)交了(le)“国(guo)(guo)家(jia)自(zi)定(ding)贡献(xian)预案”（Intended Nationally Determined Contributions，INDCs）。随着国(guo)(guo)家(jia)加(jia)入《巴黎协(xie)定(ding)》，除(chu)非它们(men)另有决定(ding)，否则(ze)这些INDC将成为它们(men)的(de)首次(ci)国(guo)(guo)家(jia)自(zi)主确定(ding)的(de)贡献(xian)（NDC）。
National adaptation plans（NAPs） 国家适应计划
National Adaptation Plans (NAPs) help countries plan and implement actions to reduce vulnerability to the impacts of climate change and strengthen adaptive capacity and resilience. NAPs link to Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and other national and sectoral policies and programmes. For NAPs to be successful, they need to be participatory, inclusive, gender-responsive, and transparent. This means that at the design stage, NAPs need to evaluate the specific needs and vulnerabilities of different groups in the country, paying particular attention to those most vulnerable to climate change impacts and involving them in developing and implementing strategies and programmes.
国(guo)(guo)家适(shi)应(ying)计(ji)划(hua)（NAPs）帮助国(guo)(guo)家规划(hua)和(he)(he)(he)实施行(xing)动，以(yi)(yi)减少对气候(hou)变化(hua)影响的(de)脆弱性，增强适(shi)应(ying)能力和(he)(he)(he)抵御力。NAPs与国(guo)(guo)家自主贡(gong)献(xian)（NDCs）以(yi)(yi)及其他(ta)国(guo)(guo)家和(he)(he)(he)部门的(de)政策(ce)和(he)(he)(he)计(ji)划(hua)相连接。 国(guo)(guo)家行(xing)动方案要取得成功(gong)，就必须(xu)具有参与性、包(bao)容(rong)性、促(cu)进性别平等和(he)(he)(he)透(tou)明度。这意味着(zhe)在(zai)设计(ji)阶(jie)段，NAPs需要评估国(guo)(guo)家内不同群体的(de)具体需求和(he)(he)(he)脆弱性，特别关注(zhu)那些(xie)最容(rong)易受到气候(hou)变化(hua)影响的(de)人，并让他(ta)们参与制定(ding)和(he)(he)(he)实施策(ce)略和(he)(he)(he)计(ji)划(hua)。
Net zero 净零
Reaching net zero requires us to ensure that carbon dioxide emissions from human activity are balanced by human efforts to remove carbon dioxide emissions (for example, by creating carbon sinks to absorb carbon dioxide) - thereby stopping further increases in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Transitioning to net zero requires a complete transformation of our energy, transportation, and production and consumption systems. This is necessary to avert the worst consequences of climate change. To keep global warming below 1.5° C, the world’s governments need to ensure that all greenhouse gas emissions peak by 2025, and reach net zero in the second half of this century. The IPCC hasrecommended to reduce CO₂emissions globally by 45% before 2030(compared to 2010 levels) and reach net zero by mid-century.
净(jing)零(ling)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)要(yao)求betway必威确保人类(lei)活动的(de)(de)二(er)氧(yang)(yang)化碳(tan)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)与人类(lei)清(qing)除(chu)二(er)氧(yang)(yang)化碳(tan)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)的(de)(de)努力相(xiang)平衡（例如，通(tong)过建立碳(tan)汇来吸收二(er)氧(yang)(yang)化碳(tan)），从而阻止大气(qi)中温(wen)室(shi)气(qi)体浓度的(de)(de)进一步增加。 过渡到净(jing)零(ling)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)需要(yao)betway必威能源(yuan)、交(jiao)通(tong)以(yi)及生产和消费系(xi)统(tong)的(de)(de)彻底转型。这(zhei)对于(yu)避免气(qi)候变化的(de)(de)最坏后果是必要(yao)的(de)(de)。 为了将全(quan)球(qiu)变暖控制在(zai)1.5摄氏度以(yi)下(xia)，全(quan)球(qiu)各(ge)国政府需要(yao)确保所(suo)有温(wen)室(shi)气(qi)体排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)在(zai)2025年达(da)到峰值，并(bing)在(zai)本(ben)世纪(ji)下(xia)半(ban)叶(ye)达(da)到净(jing)零(ling)。IPCC建议在(zai)2030年之前全(quan)球(qiu)将二(er)氧(yang)(yang)化碳(tan)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)量减少45%（与2010年水平相(xiang)比(bi)），并(bing)在(zai)本(ben)世纪(ji)中叶(ye)实现净(jing)零(ling)排(pai)放(fang)(fang)(fang)。
O
Offsetting 抵消
Counterbalancing of the carbon footprint, by retiring a carbon credit(s). Note 1 to entry: The final step in the process of offsetting is to retire the carbon credits in a public registry by, or on behalf of, the entity . Some registries use “to cancel” as synonymous with “to retire” and the terms are effectively interchangeable. The two terms “retire” and “cancel” result in the same outcome of ensuring that the carbon credits cannot be used again or be further traded.
通过(guo)注销(xiao)(xiao)碳(tan)信(xin)(xin)用(yong)（或碳(tan)信(xin)(xin)用(yong)）来(lai)抵消(xiao)碳(tan)足迹。 注释1：抵消(xiao)过(guo)程的(de)最后一(yi)步是(shi)通过(guo)实(shi)体（entity）或代表实(shi)体在公共登记处（public registry）中注销(xiao)(xiao)碳(tan)信(xin)(xin)用(yong)。一(yi)些登记簿使用(yong)“取(qu)(qu)消(xiao)”作为“注销(xiao)(xiao)”的(de)同(tong)义词(ci)，这两(liang)个术语在实(shi)际(ji)中可以互换使用(yong)。这两(liang)个术语“注销(xiao)(xiao)”和“取(qu)(qu)消(xiao)”都会产生相同(tong)的(de)结果，确保(bao)碳(tan)信(xin)(xin)用(yong)不(bu)能(neng)再次使用(yong)或进行进一(yi)步的(de)交易。
P
Paris Agreement 巴黎协定
The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty aiming to limit global warming to well below 2° C, preferably to 1.5° C, compared to pre-industrial levels. It was adopted by 196 Parties in 2015 at COP21 in Paris and entered into force in 2016. The Paris Agreement is a landmark achievement in international cooperation on climate change because it is a binding agreement for all Parties to scale up efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects. It also provides the instruments for developed nations to assist developing nations in their climate mitigation and adaptation efforts, while creating a framework for transparent monitoring and reporting of results.
《巴(ba)黎(li)(li)协(xie)定》是一(yi)项具有(you)法律约(yue)(yue)束力(li)的国(guo)际(ji)条约(yue)(yue)，旨在(zai)将全球变暖(nuan)控制在(zai)比(bi)工业化(hua)前水平低2摄(she)氏度以下，最好(hao)是1.5摄(she)氏度以内。该协(xie)定于(yu)2015年在(zai)巴(ba)黎(li)(li)的第21次缔约(yue)(yue)方(fang)大会（COP21）上被196个(ge)缔约(yue)(yue)方(fang)通过，并于(yu)2016年生效。 《巴(ba)黎(li)(li)协(xie)定》是国(guo)际(ji)合作应(ying)对气候(hou)变化(hua)的里程(cheng)碑(bei)成就，因为(wei)它是一(yi)个(ge)对所有(you)缔约(yue)(yue)方(fang)都(dou)具有(you)约(yue)(yue)束力(li)的协(xie)定，要求它们加大应(ying)对气候(hou)变化(hua)和(he)适应(ying)其影(ying)响的努力(li)。它还为(wei)发达国(guo)家(jia)(jia)提(ti)供了(le)协(xie)助发展中国(guo)家(jia)(jia)进行气候(hou)减缓(huan)和(he)适应(ying)工作的工具，同时建立(li)了(le)一(yi)个(ge)透明监测和(he)报告(gao)成果的框架。
Programme of activities（PoA） 活动规划
A voluntary coordinated action by a private or public entity which coordinates and implements any policy/measure or stated goal (i.e. incentive schemes and voluntary programmes) that leads to GHG emission reductions or net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks that are additional to any that would occur in the absence of the PoA, via an unlimited number of CPAs.
指由私人或公共实体(ti)自愿协(xie)调(diao)并实施任何(he)政(zheng)策/措施或规定(ding)目标（即(ji)激(ji)励计(ji)划和自愿计(ji)划）的(de)协(xie)调(diao)行(xing)动(dong)，该(gai)行(xing)动(dong)旨(zhi)在通(tong)过无限数量(liang)的(de)CPAs（承诺(nuo)履(lv)行(xing)方案(an)）实现温室(shi)气体(ti)减排或净人为温室(shi)气体(ti)去除(chu)，这些去除(chu)是相对于在没有该(gai)方案(an)的(de)情况下(xia)会发生的(de)任何(he)去除(chu)而言的(de)。
Project participant 项目参与方
A Party involved, or a private and/or public entity authorized by the DNA of a Party involved, that participates in a CDM project activity or PoA, as applicable.
项目(mu)参与(yu)方(fang)(fang)，指参与(yu)一个(ge)清(qing)洁发(fa)展机制（CDM）项目(mu)活(huo)动或(huo)相应的(de)项目(mu)设计文件(jian)（PoA）的(de)一方(fang)(fang)，或(huo)者是由该(gai)一方(fang)(fang)的(de)国家(jia)指定机构（DNA）授权(quan)的(de)私人和/或(huo)公共实体。
Public registry 公共登记处
Information system that makes available to stakeholders details of carbon credits issued. Note 1 to entry: A public registry includes the serial numbers, ownership and retirement status of carbon credits. Note 2 to entry: A public registry can be maintained by a carbon crediting programme or by a third party.
向利(li)益相关方提供(gong)已发行碳(tan)信(xin)用(yong)(yong)详(xiang)细信(xin)息的信(xin)息系统。 注(zhu)释1：公共(gong)登(deng)记簿(bu)包括(kuo)碳(tan)信(xin)用(yong)(yong)（carbon credits）的序(xu)列号、所有(you)权和(he)注(zhu)销状(zhuang)态。 注(zhu)释2：公共(gong)登(deng)记簿(bu)可以由碳(tan)信(xin)用(yong)(yong)计划(hua)（carbon crediting programme）或第三方维护。
R
Reforestation 重新造林
Reforestation is the process of replanting trees in areas that had recent tree cover but where forests were lost, due to wildfires, drought, disease, or human activity such as agricultural clearing.
是(shi)在曾经有树木覆(fu)盖但由于野火、干旱、疾(ji)病(bing)或人类活动（如农(nong)业清理(li)）而失去(qu)森林的区域重新种植树木的过程。
Remaining carbon budget 剩余碳预算
Estimated cumulative net global anthropogenic CO₂emissions from the start of 2018 to the time that anthropogenic CO₂emissions reach net zero that would result, at some probability, in limiting global warming to a given level, accounting for the impact of other anthropogenic emissions.
这是指自2018年(nian)初至人(ren)为(wei)CO₂排(pai)放净(jing)零的(de)(de)时(shi)间(jian)，经过一定(ding)概率考(kao)虑其他人(ren)为(wei)排(pai)放的(de)(de)影响(xiang)，估计的(de)(de)全球(qiu)人(ren)为(wei)CO₂累积净(jing)排(pai)放量，以限制全球(qiu)变暖在某个特定(ding)水平。
Registration 注册
The formal acceptance by the Board of a proposed CDM project activity or PoA validated by a DOE as a CDM project activity or PoA, as applicable. Registration is the prerequisite for the verification, certification and issuance of CERs, lCERs or tCERs, as applicable, related to that CDM project activity or PoA.
注(zhu)册，指执行理事会（ED）或(huo)国家(jia)规定的管理机构正式接(jie)受一个经确(que)认合格(ge)的项目活动为一项碳汇(hui)交易机制项目活动。注(zhu)册是核(he)实、核(he)证(zheng)及颁发与这一项目活动相关的经核(he)证(zheng)排减(jian)量(CERs) 、国家(jia)核(he)证(zheng)减(jian)排量(CCER)的先决条(tiao)件。
Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) 减少毁林和森林退化所致排放量
An effort to create financial value for the carbon stored in forests, offering incentives for developing countries to reduce emissions from forested lands and invest in low-carbon paths to sustainable development (SD). It is therefore a mechanism for mitigation that results from avoiding deforestation. REDD+ goes beyond reforestation and forest degradation and includes the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks. The concept was first introduced in 2005 in the 11th Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) in Montreal and later given greater recognition in the 13th Session of the COP in 2007 at Bali and inclusion in the Bali Action Plan which called for ‘policy approaches and positive incentives on issues relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD) and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stock in developing countries’. Since then, support for REDD has increased and has slowly become a framework for action supported by a number of countries.
为(wei)(wei)发(fa)展中国(guo)家提供激励措施，使其减少(shao)森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)土地的(de)(de)(de)排放，并投资于(yu)(yu)低碳可持(chi)(chi)续(xu)发(fa)展(SD)路径(jing)，从而为(wei)(wei)储存(cun)在森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)中的(de)(de)(de)碳创(chuang)造金融价值的(de)(de)(de)做(zuo)法，所以也是一(yi)种通过避免毁林(lin)(lin)实现减缓(huan)的(de)(de)(de)机制。 REDD+比再造林(lin)(lin)和森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)退(tui)化更(geng)为(wei)(wei)广泛，包括森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)保护和可持(chi)(chi)续(xu)管理(li)及加(jia)强(qiang)森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)碳储存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用。这个概念(nian)第一(yi)次提出是在2005年蒙(meng)特利(li)尔召开(kai)(kai)的(de)(de)(de)第11次缔约方大会(COP)上，2007年在巴厘岛召开(kai)(kai)的(de)(de)(de)第13次COP更(geng)加(jia)认可了(le)这个概念(nian)并将其纳(na)入了(le)“巴厘岛行(xing)动(dong)计划”，呼吁制定(ding)“关(guan)于(yu)(yu)减少(shao)发(fa)展中国(guo)家毁林(lin)(lin)和森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)退(tui)化所致排放量(liang)(REDD)和发(fa)展中国(guo)家森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)保护、森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)可持(chi)(chi)续(xu)管理(li)及加(jia)强(qiang)森(sen)(sen)林(lin)(lin)碳储存(cun)作(zuo)用相(xiang)关(guan)事务的(de)(de)(de)政策(ce)方法和积(ji)极的(de)(de)(de)激励措施”。从那之(zhi)后，对REDD的(de)(de)(de)支持(chi)(chi)力度加(jia)大而且慢慢变成了(le)一(yi)个由许多国(guo)家支持(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)动(dong)框架。
Regenerative agriculture 再生农业
Regenerative agriculture is a way of farming that nurtures and restores soil health, and therefore reduces water use, prevents land degradation, and promotes biodiversity. By minimizing land ploughing, practicing rotating crops, and using animal manure and compost, regenerative agriculture ensures that the soil stores more carbon, conserves more moisture, and is healthier due to thriving fungal communities. Intensive agriculture is responsible for a third of global greenhouse gas emissions, uses 70 percent of the fresh water we consume, and leads to soil degradation through its use of heavy machinery, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides. It is also the biggest contributor to biodiversity loss. By contrast, regenerative agriculture helps lower greenhouse gas emissions, conserves water, and restores land. Moreover, healthy soil produces more food and better nutrition and has other positive impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity.
再(zai)生(sheng)农(nong)业(ye)(ye)是(shi)一种培育和恢(hui)复土壤(rang)健(jian)康的(de)(de)耕作方(fang)式，从而(er)降低(di)水使(shi)(shi)用量，防止(zhi)土地(di)退(tui)化，促进生(sheng)物(wu)多样(yang)性。通(tong)过减少耕地(di)、轮作农(nong)作物(wu)以及使(shi)(shi)用动物(wu)粪便和堆(dui)肥(fei)，再(zai)生(sheng)农(nong)业(ye)(ye)确(que)保土壤(rang)储存(cun)更(geng)多碳，保留更(geng)多湿气，并(bing)(bing)因(yin)繁茂的(de)(de)菌群而(er)更(geng)健(jian)康。 密集农(nong)业(ye)(ye)占据全球温室气体排(pai)放(fang)的(de)(de)三分之(zhi)一，使(shi)(shi)用了(le)betway必威消耗(hao)的(de)(de)淡(dan)水的(de)(de)70％，并(bing)(bing)通(tong)过使(shi)(shi)用重型(xing)机械、化学肥(fei)料和杀虫剂(ji)导(dao)致土壤(rang)退(tui)化。它(ta)也是(shi)生(sheng)物(wu)多样(yang)性丧失的(de)(de)最大原因(yin)。相比之(zhi)下，再(zai)生(sheng)农(nong)业(ye)(ye)有助于降低(di)温室气体排(pai)放(fang)，节约水资源并(bing)(bing)恢(hui)复土地(di)。此外(wai)，健(jian)康的(de)(de)土壤(rang)能产生(sheng)更(geng)多的(de)(de)食物(wu)和更(geng)好的(de)(de)营养，对生(sheng)态系统和生(sheng)物(wu)多样(yang)性产生(sheng)其(qi)他积极影响(xiang)。
Resilience 复原力
Climate resilience is the capacity of a community or environment to anticipate and manage climate impacts, minimize their damage, and recover and transform as needed after the initial shock.
气候复原(yuan)力(li)是指社区(qu)或环(huan)境在最(zui)初的冲击后，预测和管理气候影响、最(zui)大限度地(di)减少(shao)其损(sun)害(hai)以及根据需(xu)要恢复和转变的能力(li)。
Report period 报告期
Specific historical period selected for the determination of carbon neutrality
报告期，用于确定碳(tan)中和的特定时期。
S
Scope 1 - Direct GHG emissions 范围一 直接温室气体排放
A reporting organization’s direct GHG emissions, for example, emissions from combustion in owned or controlled boilers, furnaces, vehicles, etc.; emissions from chemical production in owned or controlled process equipment.
企业直(zhi)接排放的(de)(de)温室气体(ti)，例如公司拥(yong)有(you)或控(kong)制的(de)(de)锅炉、熔炉、 车辆等产生的(de)(de)燃烧(shao)排放 ；拥(yong)有(you)或控(kong)制的(de)(de)工(gong)艺设(she)备进行化(hua)工(gong)生产所(suo)产生的(de)(de)排放。
Scope 2 - Electricity indirect GHG emissions 范围二 电力产生的间接温室气体排放
A reporting organization’s emissions associated with the generation of electricity, heating/ cooling, or steam purchased for own consumption.
企业外购电力、供(gong)热 / 制冷，或(huo)蒸(zheng)汽自(zi)用而(er)产生(sheng)的间接排放量。
Scope 3 - Other indirect GHG emissions 范围三 其他间接温室气体排放
Scope 3 is an optional reporting category that allows for the treatment of all other indirect emissions. Scope 3 emissions are a consequence of the activities of the company, but occur from sources not owned or controlled by the company. Some examples of scope 3 activities are extraction and production of purchased materials; transportation of purchased fuels; and use of sold products and services.
除了范围(wei)二(er)以(yi)外(wai)的其他间(jian)接温室气体(ti)排放量。例如，开(kai)采(cai)和(he)生(sheng)产采(cai)购的原料(liao)、运(yun)输采(cai)购的燃料(liao)，以(yi)及售(shou)出(chu)产品和(he)服务的使用。
Science Based Targets initiative（SBTi） 科学基准目标倡议
The Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) is a global body enabling businesses and financial institutions to set ambitious emissions reductions targets in line with climate science. It is focused on accelerating companies across the world to halve emissions before 2030 and achieve net-zero emissions before 2050. The initiative is a collaboration between four of the world’s most respected environmental organizations: CDP, the United Nations (UN) Global Compact, World Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), and one of the We Mean Business Coalition commitments. The SBTi defines and promotes best practice in science-based target (SBT) setting, offers resources and guidance to reduce barriers to adoption, and independently assesses and approves companies’ targets.
科(ke)学基准(zhun)目(mu)标(biao)倡(chang)(chang)议（SBTi）是(shi)(shi)一个全(quan)(quan)球性(xing)机构(gou)，使企业和金(jin)融机构(gou)能(neng)够根据气候(hou)科(ke)学设(she)定(ding)雄心勃(bo)(bo)勃(bo)(bo)的(de)(de)减(jian)排目(mu)标(biao)。其(qi)重点是(shi)(shi)推动全(quan)(quan)球各公司在2030年之前(qian)将排放减(jian)半(ban)，并在2050年之前(qian)实现净零排放。 该(gai)倡(chang)(chang)议是(shi)(shi)由全(quan)(quan)球四个最受尊敬的(de)(de)环保(bao)组(zu)织共同合作发起的(de)(de)，包括CDP、联合国全(quan)(quan)球契(qi)约、世界(jie)资源(yuan)研究所（WRI）和世界(jie)自然基金(jin)会（WWF），以及We Mean Business Coalition的(de)(de)承诺之一。 SBTi明确并推动科(ke)学基准(zhun)目(mu)标(biao)（SBT）设(she)定(ding)的(de)(de)最佳实践，提供资源(yuan)和指导以减(jian)少采用的(de)(de)障碍，并独立(li)评估和批准(zhun)公司的(de)(de)目(mu)标(biao)。
Sustainable development goals Goals（SDGs）可持续发展目标
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global Goals, were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity. The 17 SDGs are integrated—they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social, economic and environmental sustainability. Countries have committed to prioritize progress for those who're furthest behind. The SDGs are designed to end poverty, hunger, AIDS, and discrimination against women and girls.
2015年(nian)，联(lian)合(he)国通(tong)过了被称为可(ke)(ke)持(chi)续发(fa)展目(mu)标(biao)（SDGs）或全球目(mu)标(biao)的(de)(de)(de)倡议，作为结束贫困、保护(hu)地球和确保到2030年(nian)所有人享有和平与繁荣的(de)(de)(de)普遍行(xing)(xing)动(dong)呼吁。 这17个(ge)可(ke)(ke)持(chi)续发(fa)展目(mu)标(biao)（SDGs）是(shi)相互关联(lian)的(de)(de)(de)——它们承认在一(yi)个(ge)领域(yu)采取的(de)(de)(de)行(xing)(xing)动(dong)会影(ying)响其他领域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)结果，并且发(fa)展必须在社会、经(jing)济和环境可(ke)(ke)持(chi)续性之(zhi)间取得平衡。 各国承诺优(you)先考虑那些(xie)处于最贫困状(zhuang)况的(de)(de)(de)人们的(de)(de)(de)进展。SDGs的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)标(biao)旨在消除(chu)贫困、饥饿、艾滋病，以及消除(chu)对妇女(nv)和女(nv)孩的(de)(de)(de)歧视。
T
Tipping point 临界点
A tipping point is a threshold after which certain changes caused by global warming and climate change become irreversible, even if future interventions are successful in driving down average global temperatures. These changes may lead to abrupt and dangerous impacts with very serious implications for the future of humanity and our planet. As the world gets hotter, several tipping points are becoming very likely. One of them is the collapse of the Greenland and West Antarctic ice sheets, which would lead to significant sea level rise and threaten coastal communities and ecosystems. Another is the thawing of the permafrost in the tundra regions, which will release huge quantities of trapped greenhouse gases, further accelerating global warming and climate change. Mass coral bleaching events and the destruction of rainforests are two other major tipping points with immense implications for both biodiversity and human societies.
临界点是指(zhi)全球(qiu)变(bian)(bian)暖和(he)气候(hou)变(bian)(bian)化(hua)引起的(de)(de)某些变(bian)(bian)化(hua)在超过某一阈值后变(bian)(bian)得不可逆，即使(shi)未(wei)来的(de)(de)干预能够成功降(jiang)低(di)全球(qiu)平均(jun)温(wen)度。这些变(bian)(bian)化(hua)可能导致突然且危险(xian)的(de)(de)影响，对人类(lei)和(he)地球(qiu)的(de)(de)未(wei)来产生非常(chang)严重(zhong)的(de)(de)影响。
Transparency 透明
Under the Paris Agreement, countries must regularly report on the implementation of their Nationally Determined Contributions. It is crucial that this reporting is done with transparency to allow the global community to accurately assess collective progress and build trust that everyone is playing their part. Transparent reporting allows governments and international bodies to have access to reliable data and make evidence-based decisions. It also enhances our scientific understanding of climate change and the actions and policies needed to mitigate it and adapt to its impacts. Ultimately, transparency is key to unlocking the full potential of the Paris Agreement, by promoting trust, collaboration and knowledge transfer and encouraging further ambition on climate targets.
根据(ju)(ju)《巴黎协定》，各国必须定期报告其(qi)(qi)国家自主贡(gong)献的(de)(de)实(shi)施情(qing)况(kuang)。至关重要(yao)的(de)(de)是，这些报告保证透(tou)明，以(yi)便全球社区能够准确(que)(que)评(ping)估(gu)集体进展并(bing)建立信任(ren)，确(que)(que)保每个国家都在履行其(qi)(qi)责(ze)任(ren)。 透(tou)明的(de)(de)报告使政府和(he)国际组织(zhi)能够获得可(ke)靠(kao)的(de)(de)数据(ju)(ju)，并(bing)做出基于证据(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)决策(ce)。它还(hai)增强了betway必威对气(qi)候变化(hua)及其(qi)(qi)减缓和(he)适应所需(xu)的(de)(de)行动(dong)和(he)政策(ce)的(de)(de)科学理解。归(gui)根结底，透(tou)明度是释放《巴黎协定》全部潜力的(de)(de)关键，它可(ke)以(yi)促(cu)进信任(ren)、合作和(he)知(zhi)识转移，并(bing)鼓励在气(qi)候目标上进一步采(cai)取雄心勃(bo)勃(bo)的(de)(de)行动(dong)。
U
UNFCCC 联合国气候变化框架公约
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international environmental treaty adopted in 1992 to combat dangerous human interference with the climate system. It entered into force in 1994 and enjoys near universal membership, having been signed by 198 parties. It is the parent treaty of both the Paris Agreement and the Kyoto Protocol. The UNFCCC secretariat is the United Nations entity tasked with supporting the global response to the threat of climate change. The secretariat facilitates intergovernmental climate change negotiations by organizing between two and four negotiating sessions each year, the largest and most important of which is the Conference of the Parties (COP). It also provides technical expertise and assists in the analysis and review of climate change information and maintains the registry of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC).
《联合国(guo)气(qi)候(hou)(hou)变化框架(jia)公约》（UNFCCC）是(shi)(shi)一项于(yu)1992年(nian)通过(guo)的(de)(de)(de)国(guo)际环境条约，旨在打(da)击人类对(dui)气(qi)候(hou)(hou)系(xi)统的(de)(de)(de)危险(xian)干预。该公约于(yu)1994年(nian)生效，几乎得(de)到(dao)了全(quan)球范围内的(de)(de)(de)普遍参与，已被198个缔约方签署。它(ta)是(shi)(shi)《巴黎协定》和《京(jing)都议定书》的(de)(de)(de)母公约（parent treaty）。 UNFCCC秘书处是(shi)(shi)联合国(guo)负(fu)责支持全(quan)球应对(dui)气(qi)候(hou)(hou)变化威胁的(de)(de)(de)实体。秘书处通过(guo)每年(nian)组织(zhi)两到(dao)四(si)次磋商会议（其中最(zui)大(da)、最(zui)重要的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)缔约方大(da)会COP）来促进政府间的(de)(de)(de)气(qi)候(hou)(hou)变化谈判。它(ta)还提供技术专业(ye)知识，协助(zhu)分析和审查气(qi)候(hou)(hou)变化信息，并维护《国(guo)家自(zi)主贡献》（NDC）的(de)(de)(de)注册表(biao)。